'J:\''M.^Ji-. 1','/-f^L-M-i^/ '
» -^1 V
9.9?
Catalogue of the
Coins in the Indian Museum
Calcutta
Including the Cabinet of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Volume I
Part III : Persian Mediaeval, South Indian, and
Miscellaneous Coins
By
Vincent A. Smith
M.A., F.R.N.S., M.R A.S., I.C.S. Retd.
Published for the Trustees of the Indian Museum
Oxford
At the Clarendon Press
1906
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK AND TORONTO
CLJ
3532
1(^5
^' 1.
KG
__2pt.3
<o ^-
s7
ADVERTISEMENT
A SMALL separate impression of Part III is issued for the convenience
of collectors and students specially interested in the classes of coins
treated in this Part, who may not care to purchase the complete volume.
The General Introduction, General Index, and complete Tables of Weights
and Measures appear in that volume only. Here it may be noted that
a millimetre is almost exactly a^th of an inch, or, in other words, one
inch is very little more than 25 millimetres ; and that ten English grains
are equivalent to -648, almost two-thirds of a gramme. Weights are
given in English grains, and measurements in decimals of an inch.
CONTENTS
PART III. PERSIAN MEDIAEVAL, SOUTH INDIAN, AND
MISCELLANEOUS COINS
PAGE
Section XII. The Sassanian Dynasty of Peesia, Intkoduction . 217
Catalogue, Kings 220
„ Arab Goveenoes . . . 229
„ Coins of Bukhaea . . . 230
„ postsceipt .... 231
„ XIII. Mediaeval Indo-Sassanian Coins, including those
OF the White Huns, Inteoduction . . . 232
Catalogue . . . .234
„ XIV. The Hindu Kings of Ohind, commonly called
' Kings of Kabul ', feom about 875 to 1000 a. d.,
Inteoduction 243
Catalogue 246
„ XV. The Mediaeval Dynasties of Centeal India,
Inteoduction 250
Catalogue, W. Chedi 252
„ Chandella 253
„ E. Chedi 254
„ XVI. The Mediaeval Dynasties of Noetheen India,
Inteoduction ....... 256
Catalogue, Tomaea Dynasty of AjmTe and Delhi 259
„ Rathor or Gaharwae Dynasty of
Kanauj ..... 260
„ Chauhan Dynasty of Delhi and
AjmIr ...... 261
„ Dynasty of Naewae . . . .262
„ Sundry Coins . . . . .263
IV
CONTENTS
»
Section XVII. The ITinbu Coinage of Kashmir, Tntrobuction
Catalogue, Early Kings
Utpala Dynasty
First Lohara J)ynasty
„ Second Lohara Dynasty .
„ XVIII. The Coins of the MaharIvjas of Kangra,
Introduction .....
Catalogue ......
„ XIX. Nepal and Champaran, Introduction
Catalogue, Nepal
„ Champaran
„ XX. The North-Eastern Frontier Kingdoms ; Assam and
Minor States, Introduction
Catalogue, Assam ....
„ Jayantapura
„ Manipur and Tipperah .
„ Chhota Udaipur and Sikim
„ XXI. Western and Southern India, excluding Vijaya
nagar and mysore, introduction
Catalogue, Eastern Chalukya Dynasty of
Vengi
„ Western Chalukya Dynasty of
Kalyani
„ Kadamba Chiefs of Go a, and
Ganga Dynasty of Kalinga
„ Travancore State
„ Early Anonymous Coins of
Southern India
„ Indo-European .
,, Sundry Coins
„ XXII. The Kingdoms of Vuayanagar and Mysore,
Introduction ......
Catalogue, Vuayanagar ....
„ Mysore
„ XXIII. The Mediaeval Coinage of Ceylon, Introduction
Catalogue
„ XXIV'. Coins of Arakan and Others, Introduction
Catalogue, Arakan .
„ Sundry Coins .
Index of Rulers, &c,,.Part III
LIST OF PLATES
XXIV. Sassanian Coins.
XXV, Indo-Sassanian Coins.
XXVI. Coins of the Hindu Kings of Ohind : and of the Mediaeval
Dynasties of Central and Northern India.
XXVII. Kashmir and Kangra.
XXVIII. Nepal and Champaran.
XXIX. The North-Eastern Frontier Kingdoms; Assam, Jatantapura,
Manipur, Tipperah, Chhota Udaipur, Sikim.
XXX. Western and Southern India, Vijayanagar, Mysore.
XXXI. Ceylon, Arakan and others.
ABBREVIATIONS
M
• • •
M
• • •
A. S.
B. .
N
• •
B. M
Br.
• • •
C. A
/. .
CM
I. .
C. S.
I. .
diad.
Ep. Ind. .
I. C.
• • ■
I. M.
• • •
Ind.
Ant. .
J. A.
S.B.
J. R.
A. S..
Kb.
• • •
1.
• • •
L
• • •
mon.
* m »
obv.
• • •
Proc.
A. S. B. .
r.
• • •
R.-C.
« • •
Rep.
or Reports .
rev.
.
sq.
Z. L
K M. G.
copper, including bronze.
silver.
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
gold.
British Museum.
Brahml script.
Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India.
ditto, Coins of Mediaeval India.
Elliot, Coins of Southern India.
wearing diadem.
Epigraphia Indica.
Rapson, Indian Coins.
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Indian Antiquary, Bombay.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
,, ,, Royal Asiatic Society.
Kharoshthi script,
left, of reader,
lead.
monogram or similar mark,
obverse.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
right, of reader.
from cabinet of Col. Rivett-Carnac, CLE.
Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India (old series),
reverse,
square.
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft.
I
J
PART III
PERSIAN, MEDIAEVAL, SOUTH INDIAN
AND MISCELLANEOUS COINS
Section XII
THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
INTRODUCTION
The Sassaniau dynasty of Persia, which succeeded the Arsakidan,
lasted for more than four centuries, from 226 to 651 a.d. The following
list of the kings was compiled by the late Mr. E, Thomas, chiefly from
Armenian authorities, with corrections from independent sources {Num.
Chron., 1872, p. 44 ; Sassanians in Persia, p. 12). Other authors vary
the spelling of the names, and give the dates with some differences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
The Sassanian Dynasty.
Ardeshir I, Babekan
Shapur I
Hormazd I .
Varahran (Bahram) I
Varahran II
Varahran III (Segan Shah)
Narsahi (Narses, Napo-^s)
Hormazd II
Shapur II (Zu'laktaf )
Ardeshir II (Jamil) .
Shapur III .
Varahran IV(Kerman Shah
Yezdegird I (Bazah-Kar)
Varahran V (Gor) .
Yezdegird II (Sipah-dost)
Hormazd III
Firoz
Vagharsh (BaXas) .
Kobad (Nekrai, ' the Wise,'
Khusru I (Naushirwan)
Hormazd IV (Turk-zadah)
KajidSr]-
)
Accession a. d.
226
240
271
272
275
292
292
301
309
380
384
386
397
417
438
457
459
486
490'
530-1
578
' Special abbreviations in this Section are : — B. = Bartholomaei ; D, = Drouin; K. = Kufic ;
L. = Longperier ; P. = Pahlavi; Th. = Thomas. The Sassanian coins, although not Indian,
served as the model for long series of Indian coinages {post, Section XIII), and are included
in the catalogue at the request of the Trustees of the Indian Museum.
2 Th. omits Jamasp, who, in 498 a. d,, temporarily took the place of his brother Kobad
(L., p. 70}.
218 INTRODUCTION
Accession a. d.
22. Khusru II (Parviz) ..... 590
23. Kobad [II] (Shiruiali, Al-Ghasbum, ' the Iniquitous ') 628
24. Ardeshir III .... . 628
25. Slinlir-yar (Khorham, 2apy5dpos) . . . 629
20. Piirau-duklit (daughter of Khusru Parviz) . . 630
27. Khusru [IIIj . . . . . \
28. Azarmi-dukht(daughterof Khusru, widow of No. 25) ^ 631-2
29. Ilormazd [V] . . . . .J
30. Yezdegird III (son of No. 25, according to Persian
authorities ; or son of Kobad and grandson of
Khusru, according to Armenian chronicles) 632 (16 June) to 651
[Yezdegird lived until September 651, but the Sassa-
nian power was destroyed by the Arabs at the battle
of Nahavend in 641,]
The coinage exists in three metals — gold, silver, and copper. The
gold coins seem to be scarce, but examples of the other metals, especially
the silver, are abundant. The gold pieces, like the Kushan and Gupta
gold coinage in India, are struck to the standard of the reduced Roman
aureus. The only gold coins included in this catalogue, three specimens
of Shapiir II (309-80 a. D.), range in weight from 109-2 to 112-3 English
(Troy) grains (= about 7-2 grammes), and so agree with the aureus of
45 to the pound. The heaviest specimen of Shapur I (240-71 a. d.) in
the British Museum weighs 113 grains, and was struck to the same
standard. The gold coinage of Shapur III (384-6 A. D.) was struck to
the Constantinian standard of 72 aurei to the pound, and does not
exceed 70 English grains (about 4| grammes) in weight.^
The silver coinage, on the other hand, as in India, was regulated by
the standard of the Greek drachma ; and some of the copper coins seem
intended to follow the same scale of weij^hts.
The gold and most of the copper coins are thick in fabric, and of
moderate diameter. The silver pieces are nearly all extraordinarily
thin and broad, the breadth increasing in the later reigns, and attaining
its maximum, 1-35 inch, in the seventh century under the Arab
governors, who copied the issues of Khusru II.
The type of the Sassanian coinage varies little throughout its long
history ; the obverse being occupied by the king's bust, almost always
turned to the right, and the reverse by a portable fire-altar, with
diifcrent accessories. On the earliest coins of the fii-st kinor, Ardeshir
Babekan, the royal portrait is distinctly Parthian, being, in fact,
copied from the hkeuess of Mithradates ; but, even during Ardeshirs
' The weights cited by L. (pj). 13, 11) are given in Paris grains.
INTRODUCTION 219
reign, the characteristic Sassanian crown surmounted by a globe was
introduced, and the portrait lost its purely Parthian look. Wings, as an
appendage to the globe, first appear on the coinage of Firoz (459-86).
Khusrii II (590-628) dispensed with the globe, and adopted a peculiar
form of winged head-gear, which continued in use, without material
change, to the end of the dynasty, and was copied by the Arab
governors down to the closing years of the seventh century. The
legends, in the old Persian language and Pahlavl character, are excep-
tionally difficult to read and interpret ; and satisfactory arrangement
of the coins would be almost impossible but for the circumstance that
nearly every king prior to Khusru II adopted a distinctive form of
head-dress, as well as peculiar modifications in the accessories of the
type. The latest coins bear supplemental inscriptions in the Arabic
language and Kufic script.
No information is available concerning the provenance of the coins
now catalogued, which form a fairly representative set, although its
deficiencies are numerous.
Interest in the Sassanian coinage seems to have died out of late years,
and nearly all the standard publications on the subject are old. No
satisfactory complete account has been published. Longp^rier's valuable
Essai b'lir les Meclailles des Rois Ferses de la Dynastie Sassanide (Paris,
Didot), appeared in 1840, and naturally contains some serious errors
(corrected in J. M. A. 8., 1850, p. 254, note; ibid., 1852, p. 407 ; quoting
Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., vols, viii, xii). The numerous papers by
Mr. Edward Thomas are widely scattered. Those contributed by him
to the Num. Chron. in 1872 and 1873 were reprinted (Triibner, 1873)
under the title Numismatic and other Antiquarian Illustrations of the
Rule of the Sassanians in Persia from, a. d. 226 to 652, or more briefly,
Sassanians in Persia. This work (p. 11) gives a bibliography of the
subject.^ The most important other papers by Mr, Thomas are 'The
Pehlvi Coins of the Early Muhammadan Arabs ' (/. R. A. S., 1850,
vol. xii) ; and ' Notes Introductory to Sassanian Mint Monograms and
Gems, with a Supplementary Notice on the Arabico-Pehlvi Series
of Persian Coins ' (ibid., 1852, vol. xiii). A summary description of
the coins of each reign will be found in Canon Rawlinson's work, The
Seventh Great Onental Monarchy, which is the most convenient pre-
sentation of Sassanian history for English readers. The best collection
of plates is that published by M. Dorn (St. Petersbourg, 1873), entitled
Collection de Monnaies Sccssanides de feu le Lieutenant- Geiieral J. de
Bartholomaei, but no text accompanies the 32 plates.
^ Not to be confounded with another book by Mr. Thomas entitled Early Sassatiian
Inscriptions and Coins; and Numismatic and other Antiquarian Illustrations oj the Sassanians in
Persia, 2 vols., 1868-73. See Postbci'ipt, post. p. 2-31.
«v ■■^ V
THE SASSANIA.N DYNASTY OF PERSIA
If specialists should discover defects or errors in my description of
the Sassauian coins in this catalogue, I trust that the admitted difficulty
of the subject may be deemed sufficient excuse. Dr. Codrington kindly
guided me to the necessary books, but I have been obliged to do the
best I could with the coins.
CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
No. 1. ARDESHlR I, Babekan, 226-40 a. d.
IJI.
M
M
6
I.M.
A.S.B.
?5
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
M
M
M
M
Silver
58-8 Head of king r., plaited
•95 beard in Parthian style;
round - topped Parthian
head-dress Avith ear-flaps ;
no globe. Pahlavi legend,
beginning behind head, 1.,
Mazdisan hagi Artahshatr
r., malkdn malkd Airdn,
' The Ormazd Avorshipper,
divine Artaxerxes, king of
kings of Iran.'
Similar, with globe above
L08 head-dress; same legend
continuous, with addition,
minuchatri inin Ya[^z^ddn,
' of divine origin from the
gods,' €Kyovos Oewv.
Copper
167-5 Similar to No. 1 ; imper-
ii 02 feet legend as No. 1, omit-
ting Airdn.
212-7 Head of king r., with
1-08 plaited beard; head-dress
surmounted by globe ; bust
of youth (his son Shapur)
I., facing him ; legend il-
legible.
177-8
1-1
161
1-1
186
M
Similar; legend illegible.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
Fire- altar on two-stepped
pedestal, with broad top,
from which flames spring ;
pendants at corners, below
which are vessels, which
seem to be incense holders
('cassolettes a parfum', L.).
P. legend, r., Artahshatr,
1., nurd zi, ' the fire of Arta-
xerxes'(Tb.; B.,P1.I,2, 3;
Th., PI. 1,10; L., PI. I, 1;
D., 'Les Legendes,' p. 75).^
Similar ; same legend
(PI. XXIV, 1; Th.,Pl.I,7).
Similar to silver coins ;
same legend.
Ditto (PI. XXIV, 2).
Ditto ; legend illegible ;
poor.
Ditto ; partly legible ;
fair. (The legend should be
Shdhputri malkd, D.)
Ditto ; ditto ; poor.
• Tlic old icidiiig (L.) was yczddni, 'divine' The reading /(("od ct was determined by
Noeldclii and Drouiii. i). writoa viw:UaiasH, mallvdn mulkd, aud Artukslietr.
ARDESHiR I — HORMAZD I
221
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
I.M.
A.S.B.
4-9
No. 3.
A.S.B.
No. 2.
M
65-5
•98
M
JE
JE
63
1-0
170-8
1-07
153
M5
SHAPUR (SAPOR) I, 240-71 a. d
Silver
Bust of king r., with
beard tied; head-dress with
three principal points, sur-
mounted by globe, and
with cheek pieces. Con-
tinuous P. legend, begin-
ning behind head, Mazdi-
san hagi Shahpiihan^ mal-
kdn malkd Airdn minu-
chatri min Yazddn, ' The
Ormazd worshipper, divine
S., king of kings of Airan,
of divine origin from tlie
gods.'
Similar.
M —
1-07
CojJ'per {bronze)
Similar to silver coins,
but worn ; legend probably
the same.
As No. 3 ; much worn.
Ditto ; ditto.
Fire-altar on two-stepped
base, narrower at top than
thatof Ardeshlrl; crescent
on shaft; at each side an
attendant standing averted,
grasping scej^tre or spear,
with sword at his side. P.
legend r., Shahpuhari ; 1.,
mird zi, ' the lire of S.'
(L., PI. Ill, 2, 3 ; Th., PI.
II, 3-6; B., PI. II). In
very good condition.
Similar ; poor.
Device as on silver coins,
except that altar has three
steps ; nurd zi legible.
As No. 3 ; in fairly good
order; n;7m r* distinct; r.
legend difficult to read.
Ditto ; in bad condition
(L., PI. Ill, 5, with two-
stepped altar).
HORMAZD I ; PROVINCIAL COINAGE IN (T) SiSTAN,
BY (?) Ardamitea, about 271 A. D.
CopjJer
JE 99 Parthian head 1., with
•9 mass of hair behind as on
coins of Pakores [ante, p.
58) ; legend lost.
^
M
JE
78
•8
95-5
•92
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Low fire-altar, without
attendants, and with in-
cense vessels, as on coins
of Ardeshlr I. P. legend,
1. UUIUI; r. Uqi. The
rev. is slightly concave.
Similar ; only a few cha-
racters visible.
Ditto ; nothing legible.
Ditto; ditto.2
^ Shahpuhari = mod. Pers. shahsdda (sMhsdda), 'king's son,' used as a proper name;
Lat. Siipnr ; Gr. Xa-nojp. The spelling Shapur is that used by Mr. Thomas.
"^ M. Drouin {Rev. Num., 1895, p. 52, PI. II, 1-8; quoted by Rapson, J. R. A. S., 1904,
p. 678) found what he calls • the normal legend of Hormazd I' on obv. of similar coins,
and on rev., in at least one case, the name Ardamifm. The specimens figured by him
came from Turkestan ; that described by Mr. Rapson from Sistan. The provenance of the
coins now catalogued is not recorded. The legend on No. 1 is not Ardamitrn.
0 00
22
THE SASSAXIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
Reverse
No. 4. VARAHRAN (BAHRAM) I, 272-5 a. d.
Silver
I.M.
M broken
1-0
Bust of king r., with
long beard plaited in Par-
thian style ; head-dress has
five points surmounted by
globe, which is decorated
with trios of pellets ; cheek-
pieces. Legend defectiA'e
and difficult to read ; ac-
cording to Th. it should be
Mazdtsan hagi Varahrdn
markdn markd Airdn [with
sometimes t>a Anairdn] mi-
nuchatrt min Yazddn, ' The
Ormazd- worshipper, divine
V. , king of kings of Airan
[and Anairan=Tiiran], of
divine origin from the
gods.'
Fire-altar with base of
two steps, three pellets on
shaft ; on 1. king averted,
wearing crown with globe,
holding spear or sceptre in
r. hand, with sword at side;
on r. armed attendant, a-
verted from altar. Legend,
1. nurd zi ; r. broken away
(L.. PI. in, 8 ; Th., PL III,
1 ; B., PI. III).
No. 5. VARAHRAN II, 275-92 A. d.
Silver
A.S.n.
I.M.
M
52-8
1-05
^l
ring
attached
Ml
Jugate busts of king and
queen r. ; king wears dia-
dem and globe; queen's
head-dress has a boar's head
in front ; opposite them,
facing 1., a miniature figure,
probably son and heir,
wearing head-dress with
eagle's or hawk's beak in
front, tenders a diadem.
Legend, legible only at be-
ginning, Mazdisan bagi \'a-
rahrdn markdn markd Ai-
rdn wa Anairdn minuchatri
min Yazddn/ The Ormazd-
worshipper, divine Varah-
ran, king of kings of Ivan
and non-Iran [ = Tiiran],of
divineorigin from the gods.'
Similar; in poor condi-
tion.
Fire-altar ontwo-stepped
base, attended by king on
1., wearing globed diadem,
and on r. by the queen, who
offers a chaplet. In upper
field two symbols. Legend,
r. niird zi; 1. damaged,
Varahrdn (L., PI. IV, 5;
Th., Num. Chron., 1872;
Sassaiiians, p. 32, PI. Ill,
1-5).
Similar, but queen re-
placed by male attendant ;
poor.
VARAHRAN I — HORMAZD II
223
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 7. NARSAHI (NARSES), 292-301 a. d.
Silver
I.M.
M
58-5
1-0
Bust of king r. ; beard
tied, with pendant ; crown
foliated/ with globe above.
Legend, very corrupt, in-
tended for Mazdisan bagi
Narsahi markdn markd mi-
nuchatri min Yazddn.
Fire-altar ontwo-stepped
base, with three pellets on
shaft; on 1., the king turned
towards altar with sceptre
(spear), sword, and globed
crown ; on r., attendant
turned towards altar with
siJear and sword. Two
symbols above, the ' fero-
har ' and ' taurine '. Le-
gend, r. Narsahi ; 1. nurd
zi, corruptly written.
No. 8. HORMAZD II, 301-9 a. d.
A.S.B.
M
34-2
•03
M
31.8
•62
M
22
•6
A.S.B.
M
53
■ 56
Copi^er
Ormazd type
Bust of king r., with
short tied beard; lion's
head and mane as crest on
front of head-dress, which
is surmounted by a flower
(? rose) in place of the
usual globe. Traces of le-
gend Auharmazdi in front
of face.
Bust of king r., with
short tied beard ; crown or
diadem has five pellets, but
no lion's head; the usual
globe above. Legend in
front of face Auharmazdi,
behind head malkd, ' King
Hormazd.'
Bust of king r., with a
three-pointed crown ; no
globe, flower, or lion's head;
no trace of legend.
Thick, heavy altar type
Bust of king r. ; lion's
head on front of head-dress;
no legend.
Fire-altar on broad base,
with bust of Ormazd rising
from top — his arms extend-
ed, r. hand holding royal
diadem, and 1. hand a spear.
Traces of legend (PI. XXIV,
3).
Device as on No. 1 . Th.
(p. 41) reads Avasta murta,
' image of Avasta,' or ' Or-
mazd ', but I cannot make
out more than astamu (PI.
XXIV, 4). Perhaps the
true reading is apasfa,' con-
fidence,' D.
Same device as on Nos.
1 and 2, treated slightly
differently; legend illegi-
ble ; in poor condition.
Altar with heavy base
and top filling field ; sym-
bols on shaft. No legend ;
rude, polygonal piece (PI.
XXIV, 5).
• Canon Eawlinson describes the foliated branches as 'horns of ibex or stag'.
004.
THE SASSAXIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
Serial
No.
Museum
Mt
s
•tal.
islit,
ize
Obverse
Reverse
6
A.S.Ii.
^
49-9
• 6
51-5
As No. 4.
As No. 4.
6
>>
^
Ditto.
Ditto.
7
>>
Jil
•l)0
48
•72
59-2
Ditto.
Ditto ; in bad condition.
8
JE
Somewhat similar; lion's
Altar of different form,
9
?>
JE
.66
64
•71
scalp indistinct ; in legend
opposite face ma legible.
Generally similar.
filling field ; no legend.
Altar of same shape as
Nos. 3-7.
2
3
6
6
7
8
No. 9. SHAPtJR (SAPOR) II, Zd'laktaf, 309-80 a. d.
Gold
I.M.
M
109-2
•76
A^
A
109-5
-77
112.3
-8
Bust of king r. ; beard
short, with pendant ; crown
three-pointed, with globe.
Legend, beginning in front
of face, difficult to read,
seems to be Mazdlsan bagt
Shahpuhari malkdn malkd,
' The worshipper of Ormazd,
divine S., king of kings.'
Similar ; legend obscure.
Ditto; ditto.
Silver
A.S.B.'JR 63'3 1 Similar to gold coins;
1-0 mazdimn hagl Shd{?) on r.
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
62
•9
JR
63-4
-85
M
61-3
-95
JE
•91
margin.
Similar ; legend obscure.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Similar; much worn.
Broad-topped fire-altar,
without attendants, flanked
by incense vases, as on coins
of Ardeshir I. Marginal
legend uncertain ; to r. of
altar malkai, 'royal' (PI.
XXIV, 6; see L., PI. VI, 2:
Th., Num. Chron., 1872,
p. 273).
Similar; legend marginal
only, not read.
Ditto ; ditto ; legend at
top (B., PI. VII, 6).
Roughly designed nar-
row fire-altar, with indica-
tion of bust in flame ; on
each side an attendant with
spear or sceptre, turned to-
wards altar ; single line of
beading ; no legend.
Similar ; worn ; traces
of legend.
Ditto ; ditto ; no legend.
Ditto ; ditto ; ditto.
Apparently
much defaced.
similar
SHAPUR II — YEZDEGIRD I
225
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 11. SHAPUR (SAPOR) III, 384-6 a.d.
Silver
l.M.
A.S.B.
M
M
l.M.
M
56
M
62-7
1-02
48-6
.63
Bust of king r., with flat-
topped cap and globe. Le-
gend, mazdisan hagi Shah-
puhari, in four sections.
Similar ; worn. Legend,
mazdisan bagi Shahpuhari
malkdn, in three sections.
Copper
Bust of king, with cha-
racteristic flat-topped head-
dress, but no globe nor le-
gend.
Fire-altar with bust and
attendants, as on coins of
Shapur II ; no legend.
Ditto ; ditto.
Altar with broad base
and top and symbol on
shaft, filling field, as on
coins of Hormazd II ; no
legend (Pi. XXIV, 7),
No. 12.
l.M.
VARAHRAN IV (KERMAN SHAH), 386-97 a. d.
Silver
3
M
53-1
•93
M
65
1.18
M
65-1
•94
King's bust r., with a
curved plume at back of
head-dress. Legend in very
clear script, [ Va^^rahrdn
malkdn ma\l\kd, ' V., king
of kings.'
Bust of king r., but with
a wing instead of curved
plume at back of head-
dress. Legend in front of
face not read.
Bust and plume as on
No. 1 ; Varahrdn legible.
Fire-altar, with head of
Ormazd r. in flame ; at-
tendants with spears,turned
towards altar; no legend.
Similar, with head r. ; in
bad condition (apparently
this coin must belong to V.
IV).
Similar, but no head in
flame ; legend illegible.
No. 13. YEZDEGIRD I (BAZAH-KAR), 397-417 a.d.
2
l.M.
M
58-7
1-1
M
60.1
1.2
Bust of king r. ; crown
small, with globe above and
crescent in front ; long le-
gend not read. (D. reads
mazdaiasn bagi rdmshetri
Yazdekerti malkdn malkd
Airdn.)
Generally similar, but
face has an Indian look,
and the legend before face
only, not read.
Q
Fire-altar with atten-
dants turned towards it ;
rdsti, ' truth,' (Th. ; 'good,'
D.) on shaft ; a ' taurine '
symbol on each side of flame,
and a plain crescent 1. Le-
gend, 1. illegible; r. (?) ai«,
apparently the mint, till.
Generally similar, but
without the extra crescent;
no legend (attribution
doubtful).
1
226
THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
Serial
No.
Museum
Motal,
W.iglit,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 14. VARAHRAN V (BAHRAM GOR), 417-38 a.d.
l.M.
/R
Gl
M3
m.
G5
1-25
Silver
Bust of king r. ; two-
pointed crown surmounted
by crescent containing
globe. Legend begins Va-
rahrdn (or Valahldn) mal-
kd, rest not read.
Bust of king r. ; head-
dress a low crown sur-
mounted by globe with
wings. Legend, r.(?)Lur Fa-
rahrdn; l.kadi,' fortunate,'
'victorious Varahran'; but
meaning of Lur not known.
Fire-altar with conical
flame ; head of Ormazd r.,
inserted in upper part of
altar below flame ; an at-
tendant on each side with
spear presenting arms to
altar. Legend, 1. Fara^mn,
imperfect; r.^i(? = Airan),
the mint (Th., PI. VII, 8,
same mint ; L., PI. VIII, 5,
mint Wah ; B., PI. XII).
Altar with three steps;
no head of Ormazd ; atten-
dants with high caps pre-
senting arms; no legend
(PL XXIV, 8. This coin
does not seem to agree with
any published).
No. 15. YEZDEGIRD II, 438-57 a. d.
I.M.
M
61-4
1-2
Silver
Bust of king r. ; three-
pointed crown surmounted
by crescent containing
globe. Legend, RdmsJiatri
(?) Izdakarti. (According
to D., the coins with legend
rdmshetri Yazdekertiholon^
to y. I. Rdmshetri = rdmi
kshatra, * pros]jerity of the
empire.')
Two-stepped altar with
conical flame : no Ormazd
head; rds[ti], 'truth,' on
shaft; attendant on each
side presenting arms. Le-
gend, 1. seems to be nudah,
'nineteen' (scil. regnal
year) ; r. Wah or Vah, ini-
tialsyllableof amint-name.
(See B., PI. XIII; L., PI.
VIII, 3, 4, erroneously as-
cribed to Y. I; Th., PI. V,
4 ; but the legend there is
Kadi Izdakarti.)
No. 17. FiROZ, 459-86 a.d.
I.M.
A\
61-8
M2
Silver
Bust of king r. ; crown,
surmounted by crescent
containing globe, nearly a-
greeiug in shape with that
of Yezdegird II ; a small
figure 1. on r. margin (young
Three-stepped, narrow
altar ; attendants rudely
outlined, turned towards
altar, but without spears ;
star above I., crescent r. ;
legend, 1. tarin, ' two ' (reg-
VARAHRAN V — KOBAD I
227
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Eovorso
LM.
/R 63-5
1-0
M 62-2
M
M 54-8
1-02
Firoz ?) offers the king a
diadem. Behind king's
head, Ram (the name of
guardian of Firoz); no other
legend.
Bust of king r. ; small
two-pointed crown, sur-
mounted by crescent con-
taining globe ; wide blank
margin. Legend, badly-
executed. Kadi Firuchi,
' King Firoz,' Th. (Kadi =
'fortunate," victorious,'©.)
Bust of king r. ; small
crown surmounted by
wings, crescent, and globe,
crescent in front j legend
not read.
As No. 3.
nal year); r. ilfar {=Merv),
mint (B., PI. XVIII, 6, same
date and mint; wrongly
assigned to Jamasp ; L.,
PI. IX, 4; Th., PI. V, 12,
13, wrongly assigned to
Hormazd III).'
Fire-altar, three-stepped;
attendants turned towards
it, without spears ; star 1.,
crescent r. Legend, 1., a
single large character, ap-
parently ma; r. IFa^or Vah,
initial syllable of mint (PI.
XXIV, 9).^
Similar to No. 2. Le-
gend, 1. illegible, a date;
r. Nah (? = Nahavend),
mint.
As No. 3 ; mint Nab, or
(?) Ni.
No. 19. KOBAD I. 490-531 A. d.
Silver
Bust of king r. ; small
head-dress with crescent in
front, and crescent, globe,
and wings above; two stars
and two crescents in field ;
three crescents enclosing
stars on margin. Legend,
r., in minute characters,
Kudt ; no 1. legend.
Similar ; worn ; only
trace of name.
A.S.B. M 60 Bust of king r. ; small Narrow, three-stepped
1-18 head-dress with crescent in altar with conical ilame;
attendants rudely indicat-
ed; star 1., crescent r. Date,
I. haf ^ = hafdah,l7); mint,
r. Lad or Rad.
I.M. M 57-7 Similar; worn; only Similar; date, sIr(iaA, 16;
1.18 trace of name. mint. As. (Th., PI. VI, 3, 5 ;
L., PI. X, 3 (corrected J. R.
A. S., 1852, p. 407); B.,
PI. XVII, and XIX, 16-20).
* As Rawlinson points out (Seventh Or. Hon., p. 327), Ram was the guardian or tutor
(preeepteur) of Firoz, not of Hormazd III, as erroneously asserted by Th. {Sassanians,
p. 67), This being so, it is natural to intei-pret these coins as issued by Ram on behalf of
young Firoz, whose father's portrait is given the principal place. The coins assigned by
L., PI. IX, 1, to Hormazd III are Indo-Sassanian of Kabul, and will be described in the
next section. No coins of Hormazd III are known.
* Indian imitations will be described in the next section.
Q 2
228
THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
I
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal.
Woiglit,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
I.M.
M
No. 20. KHUSra'T I (NUSHiRVAN), 531-78 a.d.
62
1-2
loop at-
tached
Silver
Bust of king r. ; crown
small, with point on top,
crescent and star in front,
globe above; three crescents
without stars on margin.
Legend, r. KJiusrm; 1. af-
ztin,-=' Khusru increasing.'
Similar; worn.
Two-stepped altar, with
conical flame ; attendants
facing, holding in front
swords with points on
ground. Date, slzsih, 33 ;
mint, Ndh or Nlh.
Similar. Date, fann, 2;
mint, Am.
No. 21 a. VARAHRAN CHOBiN (VI), in reign of No. 21,
HoRMAZD IV, about 579 A. D. (590, D.)
A.S.Ii.
M 56-]
Silver
Rude copy of device on
1-22 No. 1 of Varahran V. Le
gend begins with Varahran,
rest not read ; a counter-
mark on margin. (Possibly
a coin of Varahran V — see
D. ' Les Legendes,' p. 105.)
Rude copy of altar of
Varahran V, with head of
Ormazd r. in upper part ;
no legend (PL XXIV, 10;
Th., Sassanians, p. 77 ; Ind.
Ant., VIII, p. 270; not in
L. or B. A camp currency).
No. 22. KHUSRU II (PARVIZ), 590-628 a.d.
Silver
1 A.s.n.
3
4
6
6
I.M.
M
M
50-3
1-3
.R 03-8
1-3
M 62-2
1-3
)3-l
1-2
M 51-3
1-2
A.S.Ii. M 54-4
1-22
Bust of king r. ; crown
surmounted by spreading
wings enclosing star in
crescent; three similar stars
and crescent on margin.
Legend, 1. afzut, 'increase';
r. Khusruh (also read Khus-
riii or IIuslui).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto; K. bismillah on
margin.
Ditto; P. a/at on margin.
(D. reads aji(l:=' praise '.)
Narrow fire-altar with
rounded outline ; crescent
r. and star 1. above ; atten-
dants facing front, a cres-
cent over each ; triple
beaded circle. Date, 1. seems
to be shashsih, 36 ; r. mint,
yl^am (PI. XXIV, 11).
Similar; date, apparent-
ly chaharsih, 34 ; mint,
Aham.
Ditto ; date, haftsih, 37 ;
mint, Aham.
Ditto; date, hashtsih,38-,
mint, Aham.
Ditto; date, {?) nnsih,
39 ; mint, (?).
Ditto ; date, sih, 30 ;
mint, Sht.
KHUSRIJ I — OBEIDALLAH BIN ZlAD
229
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
7
A.S.B.
M
59
1-3
As No. 6.
As No. 6 ; date, sizsih,
33 ; mint, Ral.
8
I.M.
Ai
56-3
1-28
Ditto.
Ditto ; date, (?) ; mint,
Mar {= Merv).
9
7>
M
62
1-21
Ditto; P. afbt on margin.
Ditto ; date, ]}anj&ih, 35 ;
mint, Nih.
10
T>
M
63-5
Similar ; but with small
Similar; but no crescents
1-25
crown, like that of Khusru
I ; same legends, none on
margin ; stars in crescents
on margin as on coins of
Kh. II.
over attendants ; date,
khamshl, 5 ; mint, Ral.
11
A.S.B.
M
61-7
Similar; damaged; head
Similar; date,/m/sy//, 37;
1-26
like that of Firoz.
mint, Ral.
1
I.M.
J£>
63
•7
2
»
M
51
•77
3
)5
M
50
■68
UNCERTAIN
Copper [bronze)
Bust of king r., wearing
low cap, radiate ; some ob-
scure P. characters in front
of face.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ill-executed altar, with
attendants holding spears,
turned towards it ; no le-
gend (PI. XXIV, 12).
Similar (PI. XXIV, 13).
Ditto.^
THE ARAB GOVERNORS OF PERSIA
Silver
No. 2. OBEIDALLAH BIN ZlAD, d. 67 a. h. = 686-7 a. d.^
A.S.B.
JR 55-2
1-22
Bust of king r., as of
Khusru II ; double bead-
ing ; broad margin. Le-
gend, 1, behind head, P. af-
ziit ; r. before face in two
lines, P.
(1) Obeitdld, = ^1:ljj1.
(2) I Ziyydtd7i = ^j\3VI\ {j.
On margin crescents with
stars, K. bisrnillali, aSJI *~j
and P. ma.
Narrow fire -altar with
attendants, as on coins of
Khusru II, in triple bead-
ing; four crescents with
stars in margin. Date, I.
(?) doshast, 62 ; mint, r.
Rad or Lad (J. R. A. S.,
1850, p. 290).
^ These coins (Nos. 15921-6) probably were found together. They £,eem to be
unpul>liHhcd.
^ The spelling of Arabic words follows Th.
230
THE SASSANIAN DYNASTY OF PERSIA
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 3. SALiM BIN ZIAD, about same date
Similar. Date, panjshast,
65 A. H. =(684-5 A.D.);
mint, Marv.
I.M. M 62-5 Similar; in margin K.
1-27 hismillah, a horseshoe-
shaped countermark, and
two trios of pellets next the
star and crescent at bottom.
P. legend, 1. afzut; r., in
two lines, (1) Sallmi, (2)
Ziyydtdn.
No. 5. ABDALLAH BIN HAZIM, d. 72 a. h. = 691-2 a. d.
I.M.
M
62
1.36
Same in all respects as
No. 2, except that legend
1. is P. (1) Apduld, (2) I
Hazmdn.
Similar. Date, sishasty
63 a. h. (= 682-3 A.D.);
mint, Marv.
UNCERTAIN, (?) No. IX, OmIah bin Abdallah, 692, 693 a. d.
I.M. M 59-1 Bust of king as usual; Device as usual in triple
1-32 on margin, K. bismillah beading, outside which is
a margin with marks and
legend not read, surround-
ed by a fourth beading.
Date seems to be arbd, 4 ;
mint, Khurdsdn (PL XXIV,
14). (SeeJ. iJ.^.S., 1850,
p. 307.)
Bust of king as usual ;
on margin, K. hismillah
and P. legend, (?) Omiya
Apduld ; a countermark,
and two trios of pellets next
crescent and star at bottom.
P. legend, 1. afzUt; r. not
read.
UNCERTAIN
Device as usual ; in mar-
gin P. a/ab. P. legend, 1.
a/cut ; X. Or . .. (or 01 . . .).
I.M. M 27-5 Device as usual ; in mar- Device as usual ; on mar-
•9 gin P. a/afe. P. legend, 1. gin four crescents with stars
and four trios of pellets.
Date and mint not read.
(See /. R. A. S., 1850, p.
254 n., quoting Fraehn in
J. As.,t. iv(1824), p. 335;
L., PI. XII, 3, wrongly
ascribed.)
BILINGUAL COINS OF MUHAMMAD THE MAHDl OF
BUKHARA, ABOUT 760 a. d,, imitated from coins of
Varahran ChobIn
Silver
A.S.B.
Ai
43-1
1-0
Bust of kiug r., iu crude
outline, imitating the 'camp
coinage ' of Varahran Cho-
bIn ; crown surmounted by
Two-stepped fire-altar,
rudely outlined, with at-
tendants barely recogniz-
able ; no legend.
PLATE XXIV
^iiil^jg^
f
"^L.^^
/.^ag^at.
3
/E
A/
>;^
/ ^'
■~- i''
/R
,f^[^^|i?N\^i
^^^.-
'L:V
to
/R
13
SASSANIAN COINS
SALiM BIN ZIAD — MUHAMMAD THE MAHDI
231
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
crescent and ball. Bilin-
gual legend ; P. r. in pecu-
liar script, Pohwdr Huwa-
ddo, j'jj_jii j\yi>jl, equiva-
lent to Bukhara Khudddt,
the title of the prince who
first struck this type in 632
A.D. K, legend, 1. ^j.1,.
Sunni, ' the orthodox.' "
2
A.S.B.
Al 46-1
Similar ; in better condi-
Similar; the head in the
1-02
tion ; P. legend as on No. 1 ;
K. legend, also the same,
Sunni, ^.'.,, ' the orthodox.'
Globe instead of crescent
and ball above crown.
upper part of the altar is
more distinct.
3
J3
Al broken
•96
Similar to No. 1, with
crescent and ball above
crown. P. legend imper-
fect; K. \egQn6., Al-mahdi,
(jj^l, ' the guide.'
Similar.^
^ Tins curious coinage has been fully described and illustrated by Mr. Thomas in Ind.
Ant, vol. viii (1879), p. 269 ; Num. Chron., 1881, pp. 116-128, PI. VI, in connexion with the
issues of Varahran Chobln. When the notice by the same author in Prinsep's Essaijs,
ii. 116 was written, the legends had not been completely deciphered. Probably the
specimens catalogued come from the hoard found in Kulu, where coins of Varahran
Chobin were associated with the Bukharan imitations {I. A. utsup., p. 270).
POSTSCEIPT.
When writing the catalogue I overlooked two important papers by the late M. Drouin,
namely, ' Histoire de I'Epigrai^hie Sassanide ' (Aper9u sommaire ; memoire lu a la
section Iranienne duCongres des Orientalistes tenuaParis en Septembre 1897) ; and ' Les
Legendes des Mounaies Sassanides ' {Revue Archeologique, 1898). The former gives a full
bibliography of all publications on Sassanian matters, including the coins. The latter
gives amended readings of all the coin legends. The more important corrections have
been inserted in the proofs. M. Drouin describes Mordtmann's memoir in Z. D. M. G. for
1854 as ' un vaste travail d'ensemble qui a servi de base atous lesouvrages posterieurs sur
la matiere '. Subsequent papers by Mordtmann appeared in 1857, 1865, 1879 and 1880.
The memoir published in 1879 is a complete treatise on the numismatic history of the
Arab Governors of Persia, while the posthumous memoir of 1880 brings the earlier essays
up to date. According to M. Drouin, the essays of Mordtmann, combined with the plates
of Bartholomaei, should be used still as the basis of all Sassanian studies. The only
published catalogue of Sassanian coins is that by M. A. de Markoff (1889), describing about
500 coins of the Sassanian series in the cabinet of the Institut des Langues Orientales at
St. Petersburg.
Section XIII
MEDIAEVAL INDOSASSANIAN COINS,
INCLUDING THOSE OF THE WHITE HUNS
INTRODUCTION
The heterogeneous coins grouped together in this Section belong to
•widely separated localities, and probably extend over a period of six
centuries, from about 500 to 1100 a. d. Few of them can be assigned
with confidence to any particular kingdom or ruler ; in fact, the only
ceiiain assignments to rulers of known date and place are those of the
better Adi-vardha coins to Bhojadeva I, king of Kanauj from about
840-90 A. D., and of certain White Hun pieces to Toramana and Mihi-
ragula, between 490 and 540 a. d. A morphological classification has,
therefore, been found convenient, the bond of union being the common
descent of the whole group from the Sassanian coinage described in
the last section. Regarded in this light, these barbarous coins are
interesting as examples of numismatic degradation.
The note in the catalogue gives full references concerning the coin
of Vahi-(a^. Shahi-)tigin, who was probably a king of Multan about
500 a. d. The next coin catalogued certainly bears the name of King
Napki in Pahlavi. The five coins assigned to Napki are all very much
alike, but Nos. 2 and 3 replace the ordinary Pahlavi Na by a peculiar
character. The provenance indicates that Napki ruled at Kabul, and
he may be assigned doubtfully to the fifth century. The note in the
catalogue gives the necessary references. The ' solar type ' coins with
the legend Tora in bold Brahml script may be attributed with con-
fidence to the Toramana, a White Hun or Ephthalite chief, who led his
horde into India about 490 a. d., and was succeeded in his Indian
dominions about 510 a. d. by his son Mihiragula or Mihirakula. The
' bull typo ' coins which bear the name of the latter certainly belong
to the son of Toramaaa, and often are restruck on the coins of that
prince. Dr. Fleet has shown recently that Sitdkot in the Panjab
represents Sakala, the Indian capital of Mihiragula.^ The White Huns
' 'S.agala, Sak.ila, the City of Milinda and Mihirakula' {Ades du A'lV Congres Intern,
dcs Or., I. I, 1U05).
INTRODUCTION 233
issued no coinage with types of their own, being content with barbarous
imitations of the coins of the countries which tliey overran during the
fifth and sixth centuries. Many of the White Hun coins are anonymous,
but are distinguished by a peculiar mark, which Cunningham named the
« Ephthalite symbol ' (see PL XXV, 6, 7).
The base silver coinage imitating the later issues of Firoz, the
Sassanian king killed by the Ephthalites or White Huns in 488 a. d.,
probably was struck first by Toramana at the close of the fifth century,
but still more degraded copies continued to be issued much longer
(PI. XXV, 8-17).
This class of coins comes, so far as is recorded, chiefly from
Eajputana. The eastern or Magadha type (PI. XXV, 10) preserves very
faint recollections of either the Sassanian head or the fire-altar, although
both may be traced on the better specimens. The pieces which bear
the legend Sri Vi or i^rl Vigra may be assigned with almost positive
certainty to one or other of the kings of Magadha named Vigraha-pala.
The least barbarous specimens seem to have been issued by the first
king of that name, about 900 a. d. The wholly corrupt copies may be
as late as the time of Vigraha-pala III, in the middle of the eleventh
century.
The curious coinage known by the popular name Gadhaiya, or
Gadhiya, of uncertain derivation, seems at first sight to have no
intelligible device. But study of extensive series convinced numis-
matists long ago that the apparently meaningless marks are simply
extreme degradations of the ancient Sassanian type (PL XXV, 11-17).
A few of the later coins are inscribed (PL XXV, 15, 16), but I have not
been able to make sense of the legend on the specimens catalogued,
which seems to give a name beginning with Kd. Professor Rapson has
shown {J. R. A. S., 1900, p. 122) that certain coins of this kind, bearing
the name of Chittaraja, were issued by a member of the Silahara
dynasty of the Northern Konkan on the Bombay coast between 1020
and 1060 A. d. The inscribed pieces now published may be of nearly
the same date. Similar coins are sometimes found in Mewar (Webb,
Currencies of the Hindu States of Rdjputdna, pp. 4-6). The com-
paratively modern coin, No. 24, is interesting as proving the late
survival of a dim recollection of the Sassanian prototype. Webb cites
the ' Dhingla paisa ', which is still current in Rajputana, as a still
stronger illustration of the same fact.
The true assignment of the abundant Adi-vardha, or ' primaeval
boar', coins was first effected by Professor Hultzsch, who showed that
they were issued by the powerful king, Bhojadeva I, who ruled in
Northern India, with his capital at Kanauj, from about 840 to 890 A. c.
234
MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
and took tlie title of Adi-vardha, thus identifying himself with the
' boar incarnation ' of Vishnu. Rude copies of this class of coin probably
belong to the eleventh or twelfth century.
I am unable to say anything definite about the four coins grouped
together as ' Unknown '. No. 1 (PI. XXV, 19) is a variety of the Napki
coins of Kabul. No. 3 (PI. XXV, 20), exhibiting a Bactrian camel and
fire-altar, may or may not be Indian ; it does not seem to belong to the
Sassanian coinage of Persia.
In addition to the references already given, the following publications
may be consulted : — Cunningham, ' The Later Indo-Scythians ' [Nii'ni.
Chron., 1894); V. A. Smith, 'History and Coinage of the Gupta
Period ' (J. A. S. B., Part I, vol. Ixiii, pp. 164-212) ; G. P. Taylor, ' On
the Gadhaiya Coins of Gujarat' (J. A. S. B., Part I, vol. Ixxiii (1904),
Num. Sui^pl.) ; and 7. C, sees. 103-9, with copious detailed references.
CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
VAHI- {al. SHAHI-)TIGiN probably King of Multan, about 500 a. d.
Silver
I.M.
M
50
1-17
Bust of king, sho'c^'ing
three-quarter facer., beard-
less, with moustache ; low
crown or cap, surmounted
by tiger's head r., and three
points itrUul) in front and
also behind. Unknown
characters (Irano-Scythic)
in field before face. Br.
legend in broad margin,
the most probable reading
of which on this specimen
is ^ ff fTff^T-^Ttl (? ^
or '^) M<*)^=H, ^ ^Tff
tivirai-ralddha (? va, ? chd)
parameivara hi Vdhi tiffin
devandrita{?)'; giving the
titles of a king Vahi, with
the Turkish rank of tigin.
Bust of deity facing,
wearing crown ; head sur-
rounded by flames rising
to a point ; in broad mar-
gin, two circles below, and
at top and sides crescents
enclosing stars, as on coins
of Jamasp. Well-engraved
Pahlavi legends as read
by Th. ; 1. Saf tansaf tef,
^—sJ »-_g>...: > uj-., probably
meaning ^ri Tansaf deva,
tbe name of the deity, sup-
posed to be the Sun-god of
Multan; r. (?) Tarkhdn
Khurdsdn malkd, ij^J"
Im* ijU-jyi* ; but the first
word is doubtful. The
second and third words
meaning 'king of Kluira-
san ' are certain^ (PI. XX V,
' Two coins of this much-discussed type were found in the topo of Mfinikvala. I have
followed Thomas chiolly, but have taken the reading Vahi {Vahi) from M. Drouin. I do
VAHI — TORAMANA
235
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
NAPKi, A (? Kushan) King op Kabul in (1) fifth or sixth century
Silver
A.S.B.
IJI.
A.S.B.
M
52-8
1-03
M
M
59-8
1.12
52
1-02
JE
48-9
1-02
M
36-1
1-0
Bust of king r., with
features rather Indian than
Persian ; ear-ring with two
drops ; winged head-dress
with crescent over forehead;
above, buffalo's head with
wide horns, facing. P. le-
gend in peculiar script,
Napki malik, ' King Nap ki,'
before face, and P. sha be-
hind head.
Similar ; P. sha 1. behind
head ; (?) A;^ malik r. before
face. Br. ha in 1. field over
shoulder.
Similar; P. legends as
No. 2 ; (?) Br. na behind
shoulder.
Copper
Similar to silver coins ;
P. legends, pkl malik and
sha ; no Br. letter.
Ditto ; poor. Legend,
Napki malik complete; no
detached letters.
Elongated two-stepped
fire-altar; the attendant
with spear on each side
turned towards altar ; a-
bove the head of each a
wheel ; no distinct legend,
except Br. la in 1. field (PI.
XXV, 2).
Similar ; Br. ha in 1. field
(PI. XXV, 3).
Similar.
Similar,
Ditto ; much defaced.^
WHITE HUN (EPHTHALITE)
Copper
TORAMANA, about 500 a.d.
Solar type
IJI.
^
47-3
•8
Rude copy of Sassanian
bustr., without conspicuous
head-dress; Br. bra before
face.
Horizontal line across
middle of coin ; solar wheel
above ; Br. Tora in large
letters below (PI. XXV, 4).
not believe that the word ^iron .occurs in the Br. legend. See Prinsep's ^ssai/s, ii. 110;
J. R. A. S., xii (1850), p. 344 ; Reports, v. 121 ; Nuyn. Chron., 1894, p. 291 ; I. C, sec. 109 ;
Drouin in Revue Num., 1898, p. 139. The reading and meaning of the Br. legend still
remain obscure, the characters being imperfectly formed, and varying much in different
specimens. Compare ante, Section IV, Kushano-Sassanian coins.
^ These specimens probably are all from Masson's collection made at Beghram near
Kabul, where the type, especially in copper, was of ' frequent occurrence '. Erroneously
referred to Hormazd III by Longperier (p. 59, PI. IX, 1) with whom Rawlinson {Seventh
Great Or. Mon., p. 327) was inclined to agree ; but neither author was aware of the Kabul
provenance (Prinsep's Essays, vol. i, pp. 404, 410, PI. XXXIII, 3), while both misread the
legend. See Cunningham, Num. Chron., 1894, PI. X (XII), 3, p. 288; and compare tho
Kushano-Sassanian coins ante in section iv, and jjosi, in this section, Unknown, No. 1.
236
MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
2
I.M.
JE 64
•77
Similar to No. 1 ; Br. 6«
before face.
Similar to No. 1.
3
?i
M 5M
•78
M 53-3
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto.
4
jj
Ditto ; crescent above
Ditto.
•7
head ; character before face
illegible.
6
))
^ 50-8
•72
Ditto; no crescent; cha-
racter before face uncer-
tain.
Ditto; wheel blui
•red.
6
)j
M 39-4
•62
Ditto; Br. tra before
face.
Ditto.
MIHIRAKULA (MIHIRAGULA), son of Toramana,
ABOUT 510-40 A. D.
6
8
8
I.M.
AL
M
.E
^
M
JE
JE
JE
JE
56-3
• 7
37^7
•7
60
•86
45-8
• 7
51
•67
42^2
•7
37-5
•7
51
•8
38-6
•68
Bull type
Sassanian bust r. ; Br.
legend before face Sri Mi-
ll irakula, or -gula, the last
two characters blurred.
Similar; legend imper-
fect, apparently restruck
on another.
Similar; legend defaced.
Ditto ; Sri Mihira.
Ditto; Sri Mihiraku.
Ditto ; Sri Mihiraku.
Similar; ^rl 3IiJiira le-
gible ; device blurred, due
apparently to attempt to
strike bust overToramana's
wheel.
Sassanian bust r., with
wheel above ; traces of le-
gend in front of face.
Very rnde Sassanianbust
r. Legend, <^n Mih irakula
(or -gula) imperfect.
Horizontal line across
middle of coin ; humped
bull walking I. above. Br.
legendljelow, jayatuvrisha,
' May the bull be victori-
ous ' (PI. XXV, 5).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto ; legend indistinct.
Ditto ; ditto ; crescent
above bull ; dividing line
near bottom of coin.
Ditto; legend complete;
crescent above bull.
Bull 1. ; legend illegible.
Blurred attempt to strike
the bull over Sassanian
bust, the ends of the dia-
dem being still visible.
13ull 1. with off foreleg
raised. Legend, jaijatu
vrisha}
' This coin is cast, and, like Nos. 5 and 6, U roughly square in form, although partially
roiiinkd.
MIHIRAKULA — UN ASSIGN ED COINAGE
237
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I.M.
I.M.
A.S.B.
1.21.
M
116
•9
Kushan type
Standing king, as on
Kushan coins. Legend,
Shdfd Mihiragula, imper-
fect.
Throned goddess, as on
Kushan coins ; no legend.
UNASSIGNABLE, period of Mihirakula
JE
JE
JE
JE
M
JE
30-8
•65
51-7
•77
42
•72
51-6
•67
33-2
•7
40-2
•65
31^7
•68
36
•67
30-8
•67
45^7
•95
Sassanian bust r. ; ' Eph-
thalite symbol ' before face.
Similar.
Parthian - looking bust
r. ; Ephthalite symbol in
front.
Similar, but more Sas-
sanian.
Ditto ; very rude.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Bust as usual ; no sym-
bol.
Bust of king r., with
(?) young prince facing him;
small Ephthalite symbol
behind head ; double bead-
ing ; convex.
Humped bull walking 1. ;
no legend.
Lion or tiger standing 1,,
with an object (? animal)
under its feet (PI. XXV, 6).
Humped bull running r.
(PL XXV, 7).
Humped bull walking 1.
Ditto ; very rude.
Ditto; ditto; seems to
be cast.
Rude bull walking r. ;
ditto.
Ditto ; cast.^
Double-struck ; wheel
above ; confused legend be-
low Sri Vaya, and sa lower
down.
Double beading with
Ephthalite symbol in cen-
tre; concave.
UNASSIGNED COINAGE, imitating the coins of Firoz, Sassanian
A.— NORTH-WESTERN TYPE, from about 500 to 1000 a.d.^
Fire- altar ; very rude ;
mere traces of attendants ;
no legend (PL XXV, 8).
Similar.
Ditto.
' Nos. 4, 5, 8 are roughly squared ; 6 and 7 are very iri-egular in shape.
* Most of these coins are from the hoard found in Merwara (Mhairwarra^, Riijputana
(not Marwar ; Rapson, J. R. A. S., 1900, p. 119, note), as described in detail by Dr. Hoernle
in Proc. A. S. B., 1889, p. 228 ; /. A. S. B., Part I, 1890, p. 168, Pl. V.
1
I.M.
JR
63-3
•9
Bust of king r., a rude
copy of bust on later coins
of Firoz ; no legend.
2
?7
JR
63
•92
Similar.
3
55
JR
63
•92
Ditto.
238
MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
4
I.M.
AX 59-7
•95
As No. 3.
As No. 3.
6
)5
M G4
1-0
Ditto.
Ditto.
6
;>
Al G2^6
•95
Ditto.
Ditto.
7
5»
A\ 63-2
•9
Ditto.
Ditto.
8
A.S.B.
/ll 61-7
•95
Ditto.
Ditto.
9
>>
M 63-2
1-0
Ditto.
Ditto.
10
j»
Al 52^6
•9
^ 62-9
Ditto.
Ditto.
11
>>
Ditto.
Ditto.
•95
12
5>
M 63-3
1-0
Ditto.
Ditto.
13
>>
yR 54-8
•9
Ditto.
Ditto.
14
>>
M 64
•98
Ditto.
Ditto.
The following are still more degraded
15
I.M.
iR
57-8
•8
58-5
•85
59
Ditto.
Ditto. ^
16
>>
iR
Ditto ; Br. ha before face.
Ditto.
17
A.S.B.
iR
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto.
•95
18
>)
Al
54
•85
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto.
19
>>
Al
58-7
•84
Ditto.
Ditto.
20
>>
Al
63-5
•9
Ditto ; device barely re-
cognizable.
Ditto.
21
j>
Al
62-3
.95
Ditto ; very barbarous.
Ditto.
22
>>
M
60
•8
Ditto ; ditto ; Br. ha be-
fore face.
Ditto.
23
/.J/.
Ai
59
Caricature of Sassanian
Fire- altar and supporters
•75
head -with winged head-
dress.
indicated (PI. XXV, 9).
24
>)
M
56
•72
Similar.
Similar.
25
j>
M
58
Ditto.
Ditto.
26
>>
Al
• 1 O
58.1
.77
Ditto.
Ditto (Nos. 23-6 are of
fairly good silver).
UNASSIGNED COINAGE
239
Serial
No
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
Size
27
I.M.
M 58-3
•75
Ditto.
Ditto.
28
■>■>
M 58
• 77
Ditto.
Ditto.
29
y>
plated —
•77
Ditto.
Ditto.
30
J5
plated —
•87
Ditto.
Ditto.
B.
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
EASTERN OR MAGADHA TYPE, about tenth century a.d
Silver
A.S.B. M 58 Very rude head r. ; ^n
•7 in large letters in front of
face ; Vigra[ha^ below.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
M
M
55-9
•75
58-5
•75
M
M
M
M
M
60
•68
56
•68
58
•7
58^2
•65
54
•7
59
•66
58-5
• 65
56-5
•75
Doubtful indications of
head on 1. margin ; most
of field occupied by Sri Vi
in bold characters.
Generally similar; &ri
Vi.
Somewhat similar ; but
no intelligible characters.
4.
Generally similar to No.
Indications of Sassanian
altar with attendants ; in
centre the character ^, sa
(Cunningham calls it ma)
(PI. XXV, 10).
Indications of altar with
attendants.
Similar, but more de-
based. (Above coins may
be ascribed to one or other
Vigrahapala of Magadha ;
No. 1, perhaps, to V. I,
about 900 A.D. ; Nos. 2 and
3, either to V. 11, 990 A.D.,
or V. Ill, 1055 A.D.) 1
Indeterminate marks,
scarcely suggesting the al-
tar.
Similar to No. 4.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto (Nos. 5-7 from the
Generally similar ; a
ass of curved lines.
Darbhanga District, Tir-
hut).
Generally similar to Nos.
5-7.
Curves and corrupt cha-
Ditto.
cters, probably intended
r Sri.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
^ Coins of this type found in Devapala temple at Gliosrawa in Patna District {ReportSf
xi. 174-81).
240
MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
12
13
I.M.
M
M
57^8
•64
52^7
• 65
Similar to No. 11 ; per-
haps Sri Vi. ^
Similar; Sri.
Similar to No. 11.
Ditto ; sa in centre.*
GADIIAIYA (GADHIYA) CURRENCY OF RAJPUTANA AND
GUJARAT, FROM ABOUT 750 to 1100 a.d.
Base silver or copper
A. Flat coins, diameter •GS to -68
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
e
10
11
12
I.M.
M
62
Rude imitation of Sas-
Lines and dots suggest-
•65
sanian bust r., without
wings to head- dress; mean-
ingless lines and curves.
ing the Sassanian fire-
altar.
>>
M
61
•68
Similar.
Similar.
?5
M
63-1
•66
Ditto.
Ditto.
A.S.B.
M
64
•67
Ditto.
Ditto.
j>
M
61-9
•66
Ditto.
Ditto.
I.M.
M
64^2
•66
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXV, 11).
>)
M
64
•65
Ditto.
Ditto.
A.s.n.
JR
63^6
•65
Ditto.
Ditto.
B. TJdcker transitional pieces, diameter -54 to -62
I.M.
JR
62
•62
Ditto.
Ditto.
?>
M
63^8
•6
62^5
• 58
59^7
•54
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXV, 12).
j>
Al
Ditto.
Ditto.
)5
M
Ditto ; but ruder.
Ditto.
Thick dumpy pieces, copper or vei^ base silver, diameter -4:7 to -57
I.M.
Al
70^5
Head of king, almost or
Similar to preceding, bu
•52
quite unrecognizable.
more degraded.
■>■>
M
74^5
•57
Ditto.
Ditto.
A.s.n.
M
72
•52
Ditto.
Ditto.
13
14
16
' Coins like Nos. 4-13 are very common in Bihar, the eastern districts of the United
Provinces, and in Oudh. Only selected specimens have been catalogued.
PLATE XXV
IND0-SAS5ANIAN COINS
GADHAIYA — BHOJADEVA I
241
24
Serial
No.
Museum
Mi
We
S
)tal,
ight,
ize
Obverse
Reverse
16
A.S.B.
M
66
•56
Ditto.
Ditto.
17
5>
M
73^3
Ditto.
Ditto ; fi-om Kaira Dis-
18
"
M
•57
67^8
•54
62^3
Ditto.
triet,Gujarat(Pl.XXV,13).
Ditto ; ditto.
19
I.M.
M
Ditto; still more degrad-
Two-line legend in late
20
A.S.B.
M
•48
65
ed.
Ditto; ditto.
Nagarl script, (1) Srt (2)
Ka (PI. XXV, 14).
Two-line legend, (l)?,^n
21
22
I.M.
A.S.B.
•5
63^6
•51
52-2
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
(2) Kada{P\. XXV, 15).
Two-line legend, (1) ^rl
(2) Kd (?) (PI. XXV, 16).
Two-line legend, per-
23
5>
^
•5
60-5
•47
Ditto ; ditto.
haps the same.
A mere semblance of a
legend, quite illegible (PI.
XXV, 17).
A.S.B.
M
71
•63
Modern
Square inside circle con-
taining two-line legend, (1 )
hdma or hdsa (2) sa 4.
Reminiscence of the fire-
altar.
BHOJADEVA I (Prabhasa, Adi-vaeaha, Mihira), Parihar (Gurjara),
King of Mahodaya (Kanauj) and Upper India, about 840-90 a. d.
Adi-vabaha type; silver
2
3
4
6
6
7
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
M
62-3
•75
JR
M
M
M
M
M
58-7
•75
63-4
• 8
51-9
• 7
56-8
•7
61-4
•75
57-2
■65
SMITH
Two-line Br. inscription,
(1) Srimad-d (2) di vardha,
' the fortunate primaeval
boar,' a title both of Vishnu
and king Bhoja. Below,
marks which are a remini-
scence of the Sassanian fire-
altar.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto ; worn.
Ditto ; no wheel.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; poor copy.
R
The boar incarnation of
Vishnu, a man with boar's
head, striding r, ; solar
wheel in front of him (PI.
XXV, 18).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
OA.O
MEDIAEVAL INDO-SASSANIAN COINS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
8
I.M.
M base
66-8
•7
As No.7 ; degraded copy.
As No. 7 ; the coin is
roughly triangular in
shape.*
9
I.M.
M
61
•7
10
5>
M
57-9
•68
A.S.R.
M
M
M
M
51-8
M2
14-7
•63
18-8
•7
15
.56
Copper
Similar; rude and poor.
Ditto.
UNKNOWN
Copper
Bust somewhat resem-
bling that of Napkl malik,
with a small radiatecrown;
short legend in unknown
(Pirano-Scythic) characters
before face.
Bust of king three-quar-
ter face r., radiate ; with
sceptre held before his face;
no legend.
Two - humped camel
walking r., with fringe
hanging from neck ; no
other device or legend ;
dotted circle.
Bust of king r,, diad., (?)
radiate ; a short mace or
sceptre in r. hand ; no le-
gend.
Indistinct marks.
Ditto.
Fire-altar, with atten-
dants turned towards it,
in very degraded form ; no
legend (Pi. XXV, 19).
Fire-altar ; to r. a three-
pointed symbol, nearly as
on Kushan coins, and the
Br. character jd ; traces of
other characters ; badly
preserved.
Fire- altar of rather early
type ; no other device or
legend. Possibly Sassanian
of Persia (PI. XXV, 2o).
Debased reminiscence of
fire-altar and attendants
(PI. XXV, 21).
* Poor specimens and degraded copies of Adi-varuha coins are very common all over
northern India, but fine specimens like No. 1 are difficult to procure.
Section XIV
THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
COMMONLY CALLED 'KINGS OF KABUL', FROM ABOUT
875 A. D. TO 1000 A. D.
INTRODUCTION
The coins of the princes commonly called the ' Hindu Kings of
Kabul ', although long familiar to numismatists, and extremely common
in Afghanistan, the Panjab, and throughout Northern India, present
a puzzle, or rather a series of puzzles, which nobody has succeeded in
solving completely. They occur in three types, namely, the ' bull and
horseman ', ' elephant and lion ', and ' lion and peacock '. The last
named is known only from a single specimen in the British Museum
(weight 30-3 grains, Bayley, No. 1), which bears the name ^ ^TTT, '^'»"J^
Kamara, over the lion, an heraldic-looking beast turned 1., with its
tail curved over its back. In form the lion on that coin closely
resembles the animal depicted on the ' elephant and lion ' pieces, which
is turned r. These ' elephant and lion ' coins belong to three reigns,
namely, Sri Padama (weight 33, Bayley, No. 2), ^rl Vakka-deva, and
Sri iSamanta-deva, and occur in copper only. The Sri Padama coin
seems to be unique, whereas the coins of Vakka-deva and Samanta-
deva, especially the latter, are common. The ' bull and horseman ' type
was issued in both silver and copper. The coins of this type bearing
the name or title Samanta-deva are extremely abundant in both metals;
those of Spalapati-deva, also in both metals, although less abundant,
are fairly common ^ ; while those of Khudavayaka, in silver only, are
rare ; those of Bhim-deva, likewise in silver only, are very rare ; and
a copper coin of Vakka-deva is believed to be unique.
The name which I read as Vakka has been read as Varka (Bayley),
Verka (Thomas), Veiika (Cunningham), or Vanka (Rodgers)^. In the
labels on the A. S. B. coins Mr. Rodgers read Vakka as I do.
* A coin, either of Samanta-deva or Spalapati, when analysed, was found to contain
894.6 , „^
ioOCT ®^'"^®^ '' *^^® balance being copper, with a trace of gold {Proc. A. S. B., 1889, p. 198).
^ The readings Varka or Verka cannot be supported. If the upper part of the conjunct
character were the guttural n, it should be a rectangle open to the r. The coins catalogued
have not the e which Cunningham detected on his specimens.
R 2
244
THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
The name which seems to me to be KJtudavayaka has beon read
as Khvaduvayaka (Bayley and Rodgers), Khuchtvayaka (Stein), and
Khamarayaka (Cunningham) ^ Cunningham appears to be right in
reading Spahipati rather than Syalapati or Syalapati.
The arrangement of these various kings in proper order is extremely
difficult, and, in fact, impossible at present. Alberunl (1031 A. D.)
informs us that the last king of the ancient Turki (or Kushan) dynasty
of Kabul named Lagatiirman was supplanted by his Brahman minister
Kail ar, who founded a 'Hindu Shahiya' dynasty, comprising Samand
( = Samanta-deva), Kamalu (probably = Kamara), Bhiina ( = Bhim-deva),
Jaipal (Jayapala), Anandapala, and Tarojanapala (= Trilochana-pala).
The last named died in 412 A. h. ( = April 1021-April 1022 a. D.), and
his son Bhimapala perished five years later. The Kashmir chronicle
tells of unsuccessful warfare waged by King Samkara - varman of
Kashmir (883-901 A. D.) against a Sahi ( = Shahi3'a) king named Lalliya
of Udabhandapura (Ohind). The title of Shahi (Shahiya, Sahi) Avas
taken over by the Brahman kings of the Panjab from their Turki
predecessors, who held both Kabul and the Panjab, and the date
indicates that Lalliya must have been the earliest of the dynasty, who
is called Kallar by Alberiini. Thomas and Cunningham further
identify Kallar with the Spalapati-deva of the coins, but there is no
conclusive evidence to support this hypothesis. Cunningham seems
to have sufficient reason for interpreting Spalapati as a Sanskritized
form of a Persian title meaning ' military commander'. Samanta has the
same signification in Sanskrit, and a doubt is thus suggested as to how
far these names on the coins should be interpreted as being personal.
Kamara and Bhimadeva of the rare coins (not included in this cata-
logue) evidently correspond respectively with Kamalu and Bhim of
Alberiini ; but Padama, Vakka, and Khuduvayaka cannot be fitted into
his list with certainty. Although Samanta-deva obviously is the same
as Samand, Spalapati remains unaccounted for ; and, as remarked
above, the words Samanta and Spalapati having the same meaning,
may both refer to a single person. The matter is further complicated
by the continued use of Samanta as a title on both Indian and
Muhammadan coins long after the time of Alberuni's Samand.
The rare coins of Asata-pala (PI. XXVI, 6) seem to be the latest of
the series, if, indeed, they are included rightly in it. The connexion of
Asata-pala with the Hindu Shahi dynasty is by no means clear, and it is
evident that if he is to bo assigned to it, his place must be found among
the rulers with names ending in pdia about 1000 A. D., and not among
the Sauianta-deva series, which terminated about 950 A. D. It is not
' Cunningham's reading appears indefensible to me. It is better to read K}tu than K?tv.
INTRODUCTION 245
unlikely, in spite of the slight difference in the spelling of the name,
that the coins of Asata-pala should be ascribed to Asata, the chief of
Chamba (Champa), who did homage to Kalasa, king of Kashmir in
1087-8 A. D. {Rdjat., Bk. VII, 588, Stein's transl. vol. i, p. 315).
Although the ' Hindu i^hahiya ' dynasty is described by Alberuni as
having succeeded the old Turki (Kushan) dynasty of Kabul, this state-
ment should not be interpreted as meaning that Kabul was the capital
of the Shahiyas. As a matter of fact, their capital was Oliind (Und,
Waihind, Udabhandapura) on the Indus above Attock (Atak), while
Kabul during their time was in the hands of the Musulmans, having
been captured by Ya kub Lais in 257 a. h. (= Nov. 870-Nov. 871 a. d.).
It is most improbable that the Shahiyas had anything to do with that
city. While the Arabic author was quite correct in affirming that the
Shahiyas were the successors of the Turki dynasty of Kabul, he must
not be understood to assert that the succession extended to the whole
dominions of the older dynasty, which had included both Kabul and
the Panjab. When the change of dynasty occurred, Kabul probably
was already in the hands of the foreign invader, and the new royal family
had to be content with possessions lying outside the immediate range
of the armies of Islam. At Ohind the Shahi3'a kings were in safety for
a considerable time, until about 1013 A. D., when the last of them to enjoy
power, Trilochana-pala, was defeated decisively by Mahmud of Ghazni
on the bank of the Taushi (Tosi) river on the southern frontier of
Kashmir. The members of the family enjoyed a high reputation and
won the admiration of the Muhammadan savant in their conqueror's
train, who generously observes, ' We must say that, in all their
grandeur, they never slackened in the ardent desire of doing that
which is good and right, — that they were men of noble sentiment and
noble bearing.'
Certain coins of Samanta-deva and Spalapati exhibit on the horse-
man side figures ' written in numerals of a form intermediate between
those of the mediaeval Indian mints and the modern Arabic forms . . .
graduating into the latter'. They are read as 802, 812, 813, 814, 815,
and 817 (PI. XXVI),. and I believe that they must be interpreted as
dates expressed in the Saka era, equivalent to years ranging from 880
to 895 A. D.^ The fact that the same dates, if they are dates, occur on
the coins of both Samanta-deva and Spalapati supports the suggestion
that both those titles may have been used by one king, the Kallar of
Alberuni, and the Lalliya of the Kashmir chronicle. Possibly the
difficulty may be explained by the hypothesis that the coins with the
Persian title were struck at mints situated in the territory west of
^ Certain mai-ks on some coins of Spalapati (catal. Nos. 2, 6) look like the old Indian
* numerical symbol ' for 200.
^46 THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
the Indus, which formerly was included in the Persian empire, while
those with the Sanskrit title were issued in the Panjill). The evidence
concerning the provenance of the coins is not sufficiently precise to
enable this conjecture to be tested.
The principal references are :—G. M. L, pp. 55-67, PL VII ; Stein,
Ziir GeschicJde der Qdlds von Kabul (Stuttgart, Kohlmann, 1893);
transl. Rajat., vol. ii, note J, with detailed references ; Bay ley, ' Remarks
on certain Dates occurring on the Coins of the Hindu Kings of Kabul '
{Num. Chron., vol. ii, 3rd ser. (1882), p. 128, with two plates) ; Elliot,
History of India, vol. ii, note A, p. 403 ; Thomas, Prinsep's Essays,
vol. i, pp. 299-318, PI. XXV ; Chronicles of the Pathcln Kings of Delhi,
p. 57 ; and Sachau, transl. of Alberuni's Indica, vol. ii, p. 13.
Among these works Stein's German pamphlet offers the best summary
of the history. The writings of Bayley and Cunningham include much
rather fanciful speculation, and at this time it is hardly necessary to
observe that Bayley's ingenious attempt to interpret the supposed dates
as referring to the Gupta era is quite untenable.
I
CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum
2
3
4
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
SPALAPATI-DEVA, late in ninth century
Bidl and horseman type
Silver
I.M.
>»
A\
A\
A\
Al
54
•8
45-3
•7
48
•73
51
•72
Recumbent humped bull
1., with trappings ; trident
with curved sides on rump.
Legend above, :3j\ ^I^TJ-
f^[^^J, Sri Spalapati-
[deca].
Similar; trident rubbed
away ; legend complete.
Similar.
Ditto ; trident distinct.
King in armour, on ca-
parisoned horse r., holding
in r. hand lance with point
downwards, and in 1. hand
an uncertain object. Be-
hind him, '^, gra; before
him on r. margin, unread
legend in unknown charac-
ters (PI. XXVI, 1).
Similar; behind king ^,
(?) = 200 ' ; in front of
horseapparentlyAII, = 81 1.
Similar ; numerals = (?)
812 or814(Pl. XXVI, 2).
Ditto ; same numerals.
• Compare JT - 200, from Bower MS., in Biihler, Ind. Falacog., PI. IX.
SPALAPATI-DEVA — SAMANTA-DEVA
247
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
5
I.M.
Ai
49-8
•7
51-3
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
6
>>
M
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; Ditto ; character
•7
behind king nearly as on
No. 2, tt; same numeral
on margin as No. 3.
7
A.S.B.
M
45-7
• 7
io-T
Similar; "worn.
Similar; worn.
8
J5
M
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; character and
•7
numerals as on No. 2.
Copper
9
A.S.B.
^
43-5
•75
Similar to silver coins.
Similar to silver coins ;
no character or numerals.
10
»
JE
45
•75
Ditto; poor.
Ditto ; ditto.
11
>>
^
38-8
•78
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
I.M.
SAMANTA-DEVA, early in tenth century
Bull and horseman type
Silver
A.S.B.
M
51-2
Bull 1.,
as on coins
of
Horseman r., as on coins
•8
Spalapati,
but rather more
of Spalapati; behind him,
in outline.
Legend above,
jf^, bhl ; over horse's head
Sri Sdmanta-deva.
a doubtful character (PI.
XXVI, 3).
JR
51
•8
Similar.
Similar ; on margin (?)
Alk, 814.
M
49-7
•75
Ditto.
Ditto ; no marginal nu-
merals.
M
50-4
•75
Ditto.
Ditto; numerals as on
No. 2.
M
45-2
•71
Ditto.
Ditto ; character over
horse's head seems to be
H, tri ; no marginal nu-
merals.
M
50-8
• 75
Ditto.
Ditto ; character over
horse's head obscure ; no
marginal numerals.
M
45-3
• 75
Ditto.
Ditto; ditto; ditto.
Al
47-3
•73
48
Ditto.
Ditto ; ditto ; ditto.
M
Ditto.
Ditto ; ditto ; marginal
•75
numerals as on No. 2.
M
base
48-8
•65
Ditto ;
rude.
Ditto; rude, and appa-
rently of late date.
248
THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
A. S.B.
Copper {probably later in date)
A. S.B.
?»
)>
)>
JE (?) bil-
lon 54
•6
M (?) bil-
lon 54-2
•6
M copper
45-4
•55
M copper
52
• 6
A.S.B.
I.M.
)>
j>
A.S.B.
5>
»
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Similar to silver coins,
but script slightly different.
Ditto.
Ditto; only hump of bull
visible. Legend seems to
read Sdmdnta.
Similar, but better exe-
cuted.
Similar to silver coins,
but ruder ; no marginal
date ; thick coin. ;
Ditto. !
Ditto.
Similar; traces of letters
or numerals in front of
horse.
Elephant and lion type; copper
30-7
•78
35
•75
37-5
•77
33
•75
33-7
•75
32-8
• 73
34
•73
Elephant standing 1.
Legend above, <Sn Sdmanta-
deva.
Similar.
Ditto.
Similar; poor.
Similar.
Similar.
Ditto.
Lion r., with tail curled
over his back ; live pellets
above.
Similar ; pellets not visi-
ble ; obscure marks in front
of lion.
Ditto ; three pellets visi-
ble ; obscure marks in front
of lion.
Similar; poor condition.
Similar.
Similar; five pellets.
Ditto; ditto.
ANONYMOUS
Elephant and lion type ; copper
24-8
•63
Similar to coins of Sa-
manta, but ruder; no le-
gend.
Lion r. in rude outline ;
pellets above.
VAKKA-DEVA, tenth century^
Elephant and lion type; copper
.S.B.
J^
31-6
•75
f.M.
A']
36-4
•8
Elephant 1., as on coins
of Samanta-deva. Legend
above, Sri Vakka-deva.
Similar.
' For various readings of name, see Introduction
Lion r., as on coins of
Samanta-deva; three pel-
lets and other marks in
front of him (ri. XXVI, 4).
Similar.
ANONYMOUS — ASATA-PALA
249
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
3
4
6
A.S.B.
I.M.
M 39-1
•75
JE 36
• 72
^ 29-1
•7
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; marks not visible.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto ; worn.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
KHUDAVAYAKA, tenth century^
£ull and horseman type; silver
M
M
M
49-7
•74
44-5
• 75
47
•77
Bull 1., as on coins of
Samanta-deva. Legend a-
bove, Sri Khudavayakah.
Similar.
Ditto.
Horseman r., as on coins
of Samanta-deva ; behind
him a character, (?) tj, pa
or pu (PI. XXVI, 5).
Similar ; obscure charac-
ter over horse's head.
Ditto ; ditto ; worn.
ASATA-PALA, about 1000 a. d., or later
45
•6
45-5
• 62
Bull I., but rude. Legend
above, Aiata-p\_dla\.
Similar.
Horseman r. ; degraded
in style (PI. XXVI, 6).
Similar.
^ Fur various readings of name, see Introduction.
Section XV
THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF
CENTRAL INDIA
INTRODUCTION
The three dynasties whose coinage is treated in this section were
closely connected in place, time, and history. The most northerly
kingdom, that of the Chandellas, was equivalent roughly to the modern
Bundelkhand. Its capital was Mahoba, still existing as a town in the
south of the Hamirpur District, and the Rajas also held Kalanjar,
Ajaigarh, and other strong places. The dynasty was founded about the
end of the ninth or the beginning of the tenth century, and had
attained considerable power at the time of the accession of Kirtivarma-
deva, about 1060 a. d. The coinage begins with this prince, who copied the
issues of Gangeya-deva Vikramaditya of Western Chedi (about 1015-
40 A. D.). The dynastic list, so far as it is relevant to this work, is as
follows, with the known epigraphic dates A. D. : —
13. Kirtivarman, 1098.
14. Sallakshaijavarman (Hallakshana).
15. Jayavarman, 1117.
17. Madanavarman, 1129-62.
20. Paramardin, 1167-1201.
21. Trailokyavarman (or -malla), 1212-41.
22. Viravarman, 1261-86.
(Nos. 16, 18, 19 in the genealogy did not reign.)
The Kalachuri or Haihaya dynasty of Western Chedi, which had
its capital at Tripuri (Tewar) near Jabalpur (Jubbulporo, Central
Provinces), to the south of the Narbada, was nearly synchronous with
the Chandellas, its history extending from 900 to 1200 A. D. in round
numbers. Out of the fifteen names in the genealogy, one alone, that
of Gangeya-deva Vikramaditya, who reigned from about 1015 to
1040 a. D., concerns the numismatist, for no coins are known which
can be attributed to any of the other Rajas. The coins of Gangeya
arc fairly common in the eastern districts of the United Provinces, and
INTRODUCTION 251
there is reason to believe that in 1019 a.d. he had extended his
authority even to Champaran in Tirhut. He initiated the type of
coinage which was copied by the Chandella and other dynasties.
The kingdom of Eastern Chedi or Dahala, the valley of the
MahanadT, was roughly equivalent to the modern Chhattisgarh Division
of the Central Provinces, with Ratnapura (Ratanpur) as its capital.
The Rajas, like those of Western Chedi, belonged to the Kalachuri
or Haihaya clan of Kshatriyas or Rajputs. Their history falls within
the limits of 1000 and 1200 A. D. The relevant portion of the dynastic
list, with the known epigraphic dates, is as follows : —
3. Ratnaraja I.
4. Prithvideva I.
5. Jajalla I, 1114.
6. Ratnadeva II.
7. Prithvideva II, 1141-58.
8. Jajalla II, 1167.
9. Ratnadeva III, 1181.
The repetition of names causes difficulty in assigning the coins.
Those catalogued probably belong to Nos. 7-9, but they might be
assigned to the earlier homonymous Rajas.
The dynastic lists referred to for all three dynasties are those
recently prepared from inscriptions by Professor Kielhorn {Ep. Ind.,
vol. viii, App. I), which supersede all earlier lists.
The design of Gaugeya-deva's model coinage is very simple. The
obverse is wholly occupied by the Raja's name in bold characters, not
differing very much from modern Nagari. The reverse type is a rudely
executed figure of a goddess seated cross-legged. The Chandella gold
coins are exactly the same in appearance, the names only being changed.
The cabinets catalogued do not include any specimen of the rare
Chandella copper coinage, which substitutes Hanuman for the goddess.
The obverse of the Eastern Chedi or Ratnapura coinage resembles that
of Gangeya-deva and the Chandellas, with the necessary changes of
names, but on the reverse an indistinct figure of a rampant lion to
the right takes the place of the goddess. The large gold coins were
known by the name of dravima, and are struck to the Greek drachma
standard. The smaller sizes are fractional parts of a dramma. Two
examples of coins of Gangeya-deva weighing 7 grains each (|th
dramma) are known ; and No. 9 in this catalogue weighs only 5*6
grains, although in fair condition.^ The copper coins follow the same
scale of weights, as also do the rare coins supposed to be silver.
^ Various kinds of drammas are mentioned in the great Slyadoni inscription of the
tenth century a. d. (Ep. Ind., i. 168). The late survival of the Greek name and weight
standard is interesting.
252 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF CENTRAL INDIA
But I am not certain that any of tlicse dynasties really struck a silver
coinage. ^Much of their gold is so largely alloyed with silver as to be
distinguishable with difficulty from coins intended to be of that metal,
and it is possible that all the pieces which seem at first sight to be
silver were regarded officially as being gold.
See CM. I., pp. 67-80, PI. VIII; and for the coins of the Chan-
dellas and Gangeya-deva, /. A. S. B._ vol. Ixvi, Part I (1897), p. 306.
CATALOGUE
I. THE KAEACHURI DYNASTY OF DAHALA
OR WESTERN CHEDI (JABALPUR)
6
6
8
9
I.M.
A.s.n.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
GANGEYA-DEVA, about 1015-40 a.d.
Seated goddeas tyjje
Gold
N
63
Three-line legend in bold
•77
characters, covering face of
coin, (1) ^rlmad-Ga (2)
ngeya-de (3) va.
M
60-8
•77
Similar.
N
60-7
• 75
Ditto ; va not visible.
N
base
14-6
•46
Ditto.
N
base
61.5
•7
Ditto ; vah.
N
base
60^8
•7
Ditto; ditto.
N
base
59-5
■67
Ditto; ditto.
N
base
59-3
•68
Ditto ; ditto.
N
5-6
Two-line legend , (1) iSrf-
•3
mad Gd (2) iiqeiia deva.
Nimbate goddess, seated
facing, cross-legged, with
her hands spread out at
her sides (Pi. XXVI, 7).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; good gold.
1
gold.
Nos. 5. 7, 8 may lip of silver, as laltollcd liy Mr. Kodgpis, hut look to mc like veij- base
Iti coins of this class if is difficult to distinguish true silver from much debased
No. 1 is good yellow gold.
GANGEYA-DEVA — TRAILOKYA-VARMA-DEVA
253
5 trial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
Copper
10
I.M.
JE 59-2
•69
As No. 8 ; va not visible.
As No. 8.
11
jj
M 48-7
•65
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; worn.
12
A.S.B.
M 48^3
•65
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; worn.
II. THE CHANDELLA DYNASTY OF
JEJAKABHUKTI (BUNDELKHAND)
Seated goddess type
KiRTI-VARMA (VARMAN)-DEVA, about 1055-1100 a.d.
Gold
I.M.
M
base
30-8
•73
Three-line legend, (1)
Srlrnat A'[^] (2) [r]ff[/]-
varmma- (3) deva, imper-
fect.^
Seated goddess, as on
coins of Gaageya-deya.
1
I.M.
N
62^3
•72
2
J'
M
62^2
•74
3
5J
N
15-6
• 45
MADANA-VARMA, about 1130-1165 a.d
Gold
(1) Snma[dy ma- (2)
(fa??a-«?a[r]m[ma] (3) -deva,
imperfect and doubtful.
Similar: (1) Snma[^d^-
ma (2) da7ia-va]r]m7na.
Ditto; (1) Srlma'[dy
ma {2) dana-varmma.
Seated goddess, as on
coins of Gangeya-deva, but
ruder.
Similar.
Ditto.
PARAMARDI, about 1165— April 1203 a.d.
Gold
I.M.
N
base
61^4
•75
(1) Srimat Pa (2) ra-\ Ditto (unique, from Kha-
wia[r]dde. juraho; see J. A.S.B. ,Vart
I, 1889, p. 34, PI. XXVI,
8).
TRAILOKYA-VARMA-DEVA, 1203— about 1240 a.d.
Gold
I.M.
N base! (1) Srlrnat Trai- (2)
62-2 lokya-va- (3j [r^nma-dena.
•75
Ditto (PI. XXVI, 9).^
^ The doubling of a consonant after r is optional in Sanskrit.
^ Mr. Rodgers (Catal., Part iii, p. 99) describes No. 8488, N, 59 grains, diam. -7, -with
an iron loop attached, as a ' duplicate of 8487 ', the coin now catalogued ; but I have not
found No. 8488.
254 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF CENTRAL INDIA
Serial
No.
Museum
I.M.
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
ViRA-VARMA-DEVA, about 1240-1280 a.d.
A^
base
62-5
•72
{\) ^rlmad Vl- (2) ra- 1 Seated goddess, (unique,
varm7na-{? ha), (3) (? ra)-
deva.
from Khajuraho; see J. A.
S.B.,loc.cit. PlXXVI,\0).'
III. THE HAIHAYA DYNASTY OF MAHA-
KOSALA OR EASTERN CHEDI (CHHATTISGARH)
RamiMut lion type; gold
PRITHVi-DEVA (UI), about 1140-60 a. d.^
2
UI.
I.M.
M
good
60-2
•85
N alloyed
59-3
•77
N
good
59-3
•78
N
good
59
•8
N
good
59-8
• 8
Two-line legend in bold,
late script, (1) Srlmat-Pri
(2) thvi-deva.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Indistinctly designed
rampant lion r. (PI. XXVI,
11).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto; from Ganjam.
Ditto ; ditto.
JAJALLA-DEVA (? II), about 1160-75 a. d.^
A.s.n.
I.M.
A.s.n.
N
N
good
58
•8
good
59-9
.85
good
59-7
• 8
base
56-3
•75
ill or base
A^
A^
N
Two-line legend, in script,
better formed than that of
Prithvi-deva, (1) Snmaj
Jd- {2) jalla-deva.
Similar ; a mint-mark
below.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Lion r., as on coins of
Prithvl-deva (PI. XXVI,
12).
Similar.
Ditto; bent; the lion
distinct; from Ganjam.
Ditto ; much debased de-
vice.
Ditto ; ditto ; J^T) "'«> ^^
r. field.
• Mr. Rodgcrs read the uncertain characters in the obv. legend as Chandra, wliich
cannot be right. I am unable to interpret them.
^ The coins of good gold may belong to Prithvl-deva I, about 1060-90 a. d.
' The coins of good gold may belong to Jajalla-deva I, about 1090-1120 a. d.
VIRA-VARMA-DEVA — RATNA-DEVA
255
Metal,
Serial
No.
Museum
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
6
A.S.B.
M or base
A^ 14
•52
Ditto.
Ditto ;
ditto ; ditto.
7
LM.
N base
13-3
•54
Ditto.
Ditto ;
r. field.
ditto; JI, ma, in
8
5>
M base
14
•5
Ditto.
Ditto ;
ditto ; ditto.
9
A.S.B.
N base
14
•53
Ditto.
Ditto ;
ditto; ditto.
6
RATNA-DEVA C? Ill), about 1175-90 a.d.
LM.
A.S.B.
LM.
N yellow
60-5
•77
base
13.7
•6
base
13.9
.57
base
12-9
.55
base
13-4
•57
base
12-5
.55
base
13-3
•57
N
N
M
M
N
N
Two-line legend, (1) Sri-
mad-Ra (2) tna-deva.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Rudely designed ram-
pant lion r. (PI. XXVI, 13).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.^
Ditto.'^
^ Nos. 4-6 were labelled as silver, but seem to be very base gold.
^ The specimens catalogued of the E. Chedi dynasty mostly come from the hoard of
fifty-six coins found in 1892 somewhere in the Feudatory State of Sarangarh, Chhattisgarh,
which comprised 26 base coins of Jajalla-deva, 9 large and 17 small ; 29 small base coins
of Katna-deva ; and one large coin in good gold of Prithvl-deva {Proc. A. S. B., 1893, p. 92).
Examples of the coinage of all the three Eajas have been found also at DudhI in the south
of the Mirzapur District, U. P., and some of the specimens may come from that find.
Section XVI
THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF
NORTHERN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
i
The group of Eajput dynasties dealt with in this section occupied
various parts of Upper India during the period extending from about
the middle of the tenth century to the Muhammadan conquest in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The intricate history of these
dynasties, for which considerable materials exist, remains to be written ;
but the observations in this place must be restricted to those indis-
pensable for a student of the coins.
The earliest dynasty of the group is that established by the Tomara
Rajas of Ajmir and Delhi, founded, according to tradition, in the
eighth century, but not authentically known until the tenth. Cun-
ningham gives the following list of Rajas and approximate dates ^ : —
1. Sallakshanapala-deva . . . 978-1003 A.D.
2. Ajayapala-deva
3. Kumarapala-deva
4. Anangapala-deva
5. Mahipala
1003-1019
1019-1049
1049-1079
1103-1128
The coinage of Ajaya-pala, No. 2, although common in Rajputana,
is not represented in the cabinets catalogued, but specimens of the
coins of the other four Rajas are included. The Tomara princes all
followed one or other of two numismatic models — either the coinage
initiated by Gangeya-deva of Chedi [ante, p. 251), or the ' bull and
horseman ' type of the kings of Ohind {ante, p. 243). Cunningham has
shown that Mahipala, No. 5, adopted both types of coinage, and that
his example was followed by the Musalman conqueror, Muhammad bin
Sam, or Shihab-ud-din, in the coins which he struck in imitation of
Hindu patterns. The known coins of Kumara-pala, which are scarce,
occur in gold only, more or less base, and of the Gaiigeya-deva type.
Sallakshana-pala and Ananga-pala seem to have issued nothing but ' bull
' The dates are open to doubt, and the liistory of the dynasty generally requires
discussion. I am not certain that the Rajas held Kanauj.
INTRODUCTION
257
and horseman ' coins. The gold coins of Kumara-pala, like the prototype
issues of Gangeya-deva, are drammas or drachmae. The ' bull and horse-
man ' coins appear to be composed usually of billon, a mixture of silver
and copper, varying so much in composition as to range from fairly
good silver to nearly pure copper. Some of the pieces may be classed
as silver. They are mentioned by Muhammadan historians as ' Dilli-
wdls ' or ' Delhi coinage ', but theii* Hindu name is not known. The
weight of the ' bull and horseman ' series seems to have been intended
to harmonize with that of the ancient purdna or ' punch -marked'
coin of 32 7'atis, about 58 grains.
The epigraphic material for the history of the second dynasty, the
Gaharwar or Rathor house of Kanauj, is extensive. Here it will suffice to
note that Chandra-deva acquired the sovereignty over Kanauj in the latter
part of the eleventh century ; and that his grandson, Govinda-chandra,
whose known dates range from 1114 to 1154 a. d., became temporarily
the paramount sovereign of a large part of northern India. The gold
dramma coins of this king, often in extremely base metal, are abundant.
Eight hundred of them were found in 1887 near Nanpara in the
Bahraich District, Oudh, during the construction of the Bengal and
North-Western Railway. His copper coinage, of the same type, is
scarce.
Madana-pala, father of Govinda-chandra, issued only ' bull and horse-
man ' coins, most of which seem to be billon, although No. 1 may be
classed as silver. Professor Kielhorn {Ejd. Ind., viii, App. I) gives the
dynastic list and known epigraphic dates as follows : —
1. Yasovigraha.
2. Mahichandra.
3. Chandradeva 1097 A. d.
1104-9 A.D.
1114-54 A.D.
1168, 1169 A.D.
1170-87 A.D.
4. Madanapala .
5. Govindachandra
6. Vijayachandia
7. Jayachchandra
The third dynasty, that of the Chauhans (Chahamanas) of AjmTr,
Delhi, and Sakambharl (Sambhar), came to an end with the celebrated
Prithvi Raja, or Pirthiraj, who had vanquished the Chandella Raja
Paramardi (Parmal) in 1183 A. d., and was himself defeated and
executed by Shihab-ud-din in 1193. The coins of Prithvi Raja and
his father Somesvara are all of the ' bull and horseman ' type. A full
dynastic and genealogical list of the family will be found in Professor
Kielhorn's work above cited.
The fourth dynasty had its principal seat at Narwar, not far from
Gwalior. The two princes whose coins are catalogued. Malaya-varman
SUITU
258 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA
and Chaha(]a-cleva, ruled from about 1220 to 1260 A. D. The latter,
who is described by a Muhamraadan historian as ' the greatest of the
chiefs of Hindustan', was defeated by Ulugh Khan (Balban) in 1251 a.d.
The coins of both Malaya- varman and Chahada-deva are of the ' bull
and horseman ' type, and some are dated.
A few coins of the same type cannot be assigned definitely to any
particular ruler or locality. The legends on No. 1 of Pipala are per-
fectly clear, but the identity of the Raja so named is uncertain. He
may be the Pipala-deva, a chief at MacharT in the Alwar State,
Rajputana, who seems to be mentioned in line 10 of an inscription
{Reports, vi. 79, PI. XI). The reverse legend is Kutdmdna &ri Sdmanta-
deva, in which the meaning of the first word is unknown. The title
Samanta-deva recurs on most of the ' bull and horseman ' coins, having
been borrowed with the device from the Ohind series. Cunningham
had three specimens of Pipala.
The name read by Thomas and Cunningham as K'llli possibly
may be Kirti. The name doubtfully read as PltJii may be a form
of Prithvi. The coin with ^rl Hamirah on the obv. (horseman) side,
and a strange legend on the rev. (bull) side seems to be the same as
C. M. /., No. 22, p. 88, on which Cunningham read doubtfully mau-f-
Srl Uvdme, which cannot be right (PI. XXVI, 23). He considered his
specimen to be unique. The debased little coin with the legend
^^^^, Sona-deva, and mere indications of the horseman, evidently is
of late date. The last coin catalogued, which has a peculiar horseman
on one side and the other side wholly occupied by large, late characters,
puzzles me. The rude copper coins with ^iva and bull on the obverse,
and the monogram reading Kota, or another read as ^riita, Ghuta, or
Ata, or sometimes a trident and other marks on the reverse, are
common in the Delhi bazaar and in the Eastern Panjab. They are
copied obviously from the money of Vasudeva Kushan, and some of the
reverse devices may be an echo of the Sassanian type. Nobody can
determine their exact date or who struck them. Cunningham believed
that they formed ' the common copper currency of the Panjab and
Rajputana between a.d. 500 and 800'.
The best account of the coins treated in this Section is that in
C. M. I., pp. 48, 52, 80-93, PI. VI, IX. The earlier discussion of the
'bull and horseman' series by Thomas in Chronicles of the Pathdn
Kings, pp. 58-75, must be used with caution, as it contains some
serious errors, of which the principal is the assignment of Sallakshana-
pala and Madanapala to the Chandella dynasty. This mistake, repeated
in Pror. A. >S'. B., p. 127, was corrected ibid., 1900, p. 205.
CATALOGUE
I. THE TOMARA DYNASTY OF AJMIR
AND DELHI
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
I.M.
SALLAKSHANA-PALA, about 978-1003 a. d
Bull and horseman type ; billon
Horseman r., rude. Mar-
ginal legend, Sn Sallak-
shana-pdla-deva.
Similar; -lakshana-pdla-
deva.
JE
48-9
•67
JE
50-6
•65
Recumbent bull 1., in
outline. Legend above,
Sri Sdmanta-deva.
Similar.
I.M.
A.S.B.
KUMARA-PALA-DEVA, about 1019-49 a.d.
Seated goddess type ; gold
61-7 Three-line legend in large
•72 characters, (1) «^nmaf=A'M
(2) mdra-jKila (3) deva.
Two-line legend, (1) Sri-
mat=Ku (2) [md]ra-pdla.
N
N
base
62-7
•6
Seated goddess, as on
coins of Gangeya-deva of
Chedi.
Similar ; much debased
(PI. XXVI, 14).
ANANGA-PALA, about 1049-79 a.d.i
Bull and horseman type; billon or copper
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
47-3
•7
M
49-2
•72
M
50-2
•68
M
49
•67
M
45-7
•65
M
50
•66
M
copper
43-7
•66
Horseman r. Legend, 1.
Sri A , r, nanga \_pdla-deva] .
Similar ; Sft Ana.
Ditto ; ^ri Ananga.
Ditto; Ananga-p.
Ditto ; Sri Ana.
Ditto ; -nanga\_pdYa-
deva.
Ditto; Srt Anan.
Recumbent bull I. Le-
gend above, Sri Sdmanta-
deva.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXVI, 15).
Ditto.
Ditto; legend nearly lost.
Ditto ; ditto.
^ The first nasal is written as a lingual, the second as annsvdra.
s a
2G() TITK MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA
3
4
5
6
7
8
MAHi-PALA, ABOUT 1103-28 a.d.
Bull and horseman type ; billon
I.M.
M
M
47-5
Horseman r.,very rude;
•6
no legend.
46
Similar.
•6
Recumbent bull indi-
cated ; above in bold script,
Mahipala (PI. XXVI, 16).
Similar; Mahipd.
II. THE RATHOK OR GAHARWAR DYNASTY
OF KANAUJ
MADANA-PALA, about 1080-1115 a.d.
Bull and Jiorseman type f I
Silver, base
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
45-3
•6
I.M.
yy
))
A.S.B.
5>
J>
I.M.
jE
49-9
•64
AL
49-8
•6
JS
49
•65
M
50
•6
M
50-7
•65
JE
46-6
•6
M
49-3
•6
Horseman r. as usual :
legend indistinct.
Billon or copper
Horseman as usual. Mar-
ginal legend, 3Iadana-pdla-
deva.
Similar; Madana.
Ditto ; &ri Ma.
Ditto; Sri Ma.
Ditto; Mada.
Ditto ; &ri Ma.
Ditto ; Madana.
Bull as usual. Marginal
legend, Mddhava Sri Sd-
manta {Mddhava is a name
of the demi-god Krishna).
Similar; legend imper-
fect.
Ditto ; legend nearly
complete (PI. XXVI, 17).
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; Mddhava Sri Sam.
Ditto ; Sdmanta.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; Mddha.
GOVINDA-CHANDRA, about 1112-60 a.d.
Seated goddess type
Gold
N
M
59^7
•81
66
•75
Three-line legend, (1)
&rnnad = Go (2) vinda-
chandra (3) deva, followed
by triiul, probably a mint-
mark.
Similar.
Seated goddess, as on
coins of Gangeya-deva of
Chedi (PI. XXVI, 18).
Similar.
I
MAHi-PALA — PRITHVI-RAJA
261
Q^t>iq1
Metal,
oeriai
No.
Museum
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
3
Ul.
N 58-8
• 82
Ditto ; legend imperfect.
Ditto.
4
5>
N 61
•77
Ditto ; legend almost
complete.
Ditto.
5
J>
A^ base
67^2
•76
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto.
6
A.S.B.
N base
68
•78
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; degraded.
6a
?5
N base
62^3
•84
Similar, but reading and
attribution doubtful.
Copper
Similar.
7
I.M.
M 37
Two-line legend, (1) Sri-
Seated goddess ; degi
ad-
•7
mad = Go{2)vinda-chandra.
ed.
8
5>
JE 40-7
•66
Similar.
Similar.
9
5J
M 49-3
•66
Ditto ; traces of deva in
third line.
Ditto.
III. THE CHAUHAN DYNASTY OF DELHI
AND AJMlR
SOMESVARA-DEVA, about 1170-5 a.d.
Bull and horseman type; billon or copper
I.M. M 52-7 Horseman as usual. Le- Bull as usual; Sdmanta
(PL XXVI, 19).
Similar,^ Legend, Asa-
varl Sri Sdma[nta deva^.
(Thomas explains Asdvari
as being a name of Durga.)
Similar ; Sri Sdmanta.
A.S.B.
M
52-7
Horseman as usual. Le-
•62
gend, 1. So, X. me, part of
the full legend Sri Some-
ivara-deca.
M
50
•65
Similar.
M
copper
41
■6
Similar.
M
48-1
•66
Similar.
Similar ; legend very im-
perfect.
PRITHVi-RAJA (PIRTHiRAJ), about 1175-93 a. d.
Bull and horseman type
Silver
I.M.
M
52
•6
Horseman as usual. Le-
gend, Sfi Prithvi-Rdja-
deva.
Bull as usual. Legend,
Asdvari sri Sdmanta-deva
(PI. XXVI, 20).
262 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA
1
2
3
4
6
Serial
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
Xi \J,
S
IZO
Billon
2
UI.
JE
47-4
•62
Similar to No. 1.
Similar to No. 1 ; legend
incomplete.
3
yE
53
•63
Ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
4
^
52
•63
Ditto; legend incomplete.
Ditto ; ditto.
5
iE
53-5
Ditto ; legend almost
Ditto ; legend almost
•65
complete.
complete.
6
JE
50^8
•62
Ditto ; legend complete.
Ditto ; less perfect.
7
M
51
•6
52-8
Ditto ; legend imperfect.
Ditto; ditto.
8
A.S.B.
^
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
• 61
9
)5
M
50^6
•64
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; legend complete.
IV. THE DYNASTY OF NARWAR
MALAYA-VARMA, about 1220-32 a. d.
Horseman type ; billon or copper
A.S.B.
I.M.
M
^
57
•6
5M
•67
JE copper
44
.57
Horseman as usual ; no
legend.
Ditto ; very poor.
Ditto ; ditto.
Three-line legend cover-
ing whole surface ; (1) Sri-
mad-=Ma (2) laya-va\r\m-
ma (3) deva, and (?) traces
of date.
Two-line legend, (1) Sri-
mad=^Ma(2) laya-va[r^m-
[ma\. A railing-like bor-
der above.
Similar ; {l)^rimad = Ma
(2) [Iaya]-va[7-]mma, and
traces of a third line. Bor-
der above, as on No. 2.
CHAHADA (CHAHARA)-DEVA, about 1232-60 a. d.
Bull and horseman type ; billon or copper
I.M.
A.S.Ji.
JE
49^7
•65
^
54^9
•65
jE
53-5
• 62
JE
5b8
•6
A^
54^8
• 66
Horseman as usual. Le-
gend, Sn Chdhada-deva.
Similar ; Chdha.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ^n Chd.
Ditto; -da-deta.
Bull as usual. Legend,
Asdvari iri Sdmanta-deva.
Similar; legend imper-
fect.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
PLATE XXVI
>R
/R
•im^ .-
.«lT*««l >
COINS OF THE HINDU KINGS OF OHIND
AND OF THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES
OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN INDIA
MALAYA-VARMA — UNKNOWN
263
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
6
7
A.S.B.
5?
M 57-5
•61
JE 51
•62
Ditto ; -hada-deva.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; nearly defaced.
I.M.
I.M.
I.M.
V. SUNDRY COINS
Bull and horseman tyjje
Billon
PiPALA, (?) Raja of Machari
I.M.
M
52-1
Horseman as usual. Le-
•62
gend, &ri Plpala.
5>
M
52-4
•64
Similar.
PITHI (? = PRITHVl)
A.S.B.
M
52
Horseman as usual. Le-
•6
gend, irf^, Pathi [Pithi),
followed by several other
characters.
I.M.
M
52-2
•62
Similar; Pithi.
Bull as usual, in rude
outline. Marginal legend,
KutdmdiiaSrl Sdma\nta |, in
late characters (PI. XXVI,
21).
Similar; legend imper-
fect.
Bull as usual ; Sri Sd-
manta-deva.
Similar.
M
M
50-5
•65
base
43-2
•62
Silver
KiRTTI (? KiLLI)
Horseman as usual. Le-
gend, Sri Ki[r\tti (or ?
Killi).
HAMiRA
Horseman as usual. Le-
gend, Sri Hamirah.
^
1. 31. \M
17-5
■4
40
•55
Billon
SONA-DEVA
Indication of horseman.
UNKNOWN
Horseman, not of usual
type, r.
Bull as usual ; Sdmanta-
deva (PI. XXVI, 22).
Bull as usual, but with
crescent, not trident, on
rump. Legend distinct, but
difficult to read ; seems to be
the same as C. M. /., PI. IX,
2 2,where Cunningham read
Sri Uvdme (PI. XXVI, 23).
Two-line legend filling
whole surface, (1) Sona [2)
deva.
Large characters, not
read.
264 THE MEDIAEVAL DYNASTIES OF NORTHERN INDIA
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
I.M.
NOT ASSIGNED
Siva and bull tyiie, copper ; about 500-800 a. d.
M
66-3
• 75
M
70
•
8X-65
M
•
82 X -7
M
• 72
M
78
•75
M
•72
M
•76
M
58-4
•7
M
.8
M
•7
M
-^
T?
•61
•7
M
• 77
JE
^
65 X -5
•7
M
.6
Siva and bull, rude.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Degraded outline of (?)
iiva.
^iva and bull.
Monogram Kota and two
symbols.
Similar.
Similar, and hu to r.
As No. 1.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Similar ; trident to 1.
As No. 1.
Three symbols, one of
which looks like a vajra or
thunderbolt.
As No. 1, but a thin
coin.
Nearlysimilar, but thick.
Trident and a character.
Trident and two other
symbols.
As No. 12.
Monogram reading (?)
Sruta.
Similar. (Many of these
coins much worn. See
J. R. A. S., 1898, p. 450.)
Section XVII
THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
INTRODUCTION
The ample discussion and illustration of the ancient Kashmir coinage
by Sir Alexander Cunningham {G. M. /., pp. 25-46, PI. III-V) and
Dr. Stein (Num. Chron., 1899, with a plate ; transl. Raj at., vol. ii, note H)
render unnecessary any lengthy dissertation in this place. From the
accession of Sankaravarman in 883 a.d., the chronology is clear and
certain, but the dates of the few earlier kings whose coins are represented
in the following catalogue are quite unsettled. Kalhana's chronicle, the
Rdjataranginl, records that an ancient king named Narendraditya also
bore the name of Khinkhila. The little coin with the legend Khingi
may or may not be his, and, if it is, the materials for determining its
date with any approach to exactness do not exist.
The coins inscribed with the name of Toramana, either in full or in
an abbreviated form, seem to date from the sixth century, that is to say,
the earliest of them may be ascribed to that period. But ' Toramanas '
continued in circulation until the fifteenth century, and it is clear, as
Dr. Stein observes, that such pieces were struck, ' not only by the king
who bore this name, but by a succession of rulers after him.' I cannot
pretend to distinguish the imitations from the originals. Nor is it at all
certain who Toramana was. Dr. Stein probably is right in believing
that he is to be identified with the prince so called, who ' put in circula-
tion coins struck in his own name ' during the lifetime of his brother,
king Hiranya. But we do not know when king Hii-anya lived. In
Section XIII, ante, coins of a Toramana have been described which
undoubtedly must be attributed to the White Hun chief, the son of
Mihirakula. It is an open question whether or not the Toramana of the
Kashmir chronicle is identical with that chief.
Dr. Stein's identification of Pratapa of the coins with Pratapaditya II,
or Durlabhaka, who was reigning in 700 a.d., is highly probable, if not
quite certain.
The fixation in time and place of the king Yasovarman, who struck
rude coins in the style of the early Kashmir rulers, has long been a matter
266
THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
of dispute, and the problem has not been solved yet. The name does
not occur in the Kashmir lists. The correct reading appears to be
Ya^ovuTTiia, not Yasodharma ; and it is, therefore, unlikely that
Dr. Hoernle's conjecture can be correct that the coins were struck by
Yasodharman, (dtas Vishnuvardhana, who defeated Mihirakula in or
about 528 a.d. The coins are so barbarous that it is impossible to fix:
their date by their style. They are found, I think, chiefly in the Panjab
— one was deposited in the Manikyala stupa — and there are difficulties
consequently, in identifying the prince who issued the coins with Yaso-
varman of Kanauj whom Lalitaditya of Kanauj defeated between 730
and 740 A.D. ; but no better specific suggestion is available. I am
inclined to believe that the coins were struck by an unrecorded Raja
either in the Panjab or Kashmir during the sixth or seventh century.
The similar, but, perhaps, still ruder coins with the legend Vinayaditya
are assigned rightly to Jayapida of Kashmir (about 750-80 a.d.), who
assumed that title. The similar coins on which Cunningham read the
legend 6ri Vigraha are of the same rude type, and of approximately
the same period, but there is no record of any Kashmir prince of that
name. Dr. Stein reads the legend as Vihxtmkideva^ but on the specimens
which I have seen Cunningham's reading seems preferable.
From the time of Sankaravarman (883-902 a.d.) onwards, the
chronology being certain, no difficulty occurs in the attribution of the
coins. The series catalogued is very poor and incomplete, most of
the rarer kinds being absent. The type of all the coins without excep-
tion ^ is derived from the standard Kushan type, with the standing king
on the obverse and the seated goddess on the reverse. The coins of
Pratapaditya, Vinayaditya, Yasovarman, and Vigraha present the type
in an extremely debased, almost unrecognizable form, executed boldly in
high relief, and the material often is an alloy intended apparently to
pass as base gold. But some of the coins seem to be honest copper
or bronze. The coins of this class in the catalogue range in weight from
83-8 to 123-5 grains, and their mean diameter is about -85 inch. The
long series beginning with Sankaravarman presents the same Kushan
type in a difierent form, which is characteristic of Kashmir currency.
■J'he earliest examples of this form are found in the coinage of Toramana,
some specimens of which exhibit the king sacrificing at an altar after the
Kushan manner, clad in a peculiar skirt and frilled drawers. This
curious costume assumes a very grotesque appearance on the later more
debased coins, and the seated goddess of the reverse sufi'ers equal degrada-
tion. No Kashmir coins possess any pretence to beauty — the whole
coinage is utterly barbarous. The weight of the Toramana coins
' The Khihgi coin may not belong to Kashmir.
EARLY KINGS
267
catalogued in this section ranges from 83-8 to 111-5 grains. Most of
them weigh about 100 grains, a little more or less. The coins from the
time of Sankaravarman onwards are lighter. Those catalogued range
in weight (excluding the exceptional No. 5 of Kalasa) from 71-5 to 97-5
grains. A full discussion of the weight standard of the Kashmir currency
will be found in Dr. Stein's essay, already cited, to which the reader is
referred. When Cunningham wrote, an accurate translation of the
Kashmir chronicle was not available, so that some of his remarks need
correction in the light of Dr. Stein's researches. But, notwithstanding
this resei-vation, Cunningham's work still must be studied by any person
who takes an interest in the rather unattractive Kashmir coinage.
CATALOGUE
EARLY KINGS
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
KHINGILA ((?) = KHINKHILA, NARENDRADITYA I), about
(i) 400 OR 500 A. D.
A.S.B.
^
13
.45
Bust r. diad.
Vase {lota) ; to 1. Br.
Khi ; to r. 'ngi (PI. XXVII,
1
I.M.
2
>>
3
A.S.B.
4
5J
5
>>
6
I.M.
TORAMANA, (1) sixth century
jE 99-7 King standing offering Goddess seated in Gupta
87 incense at altar in Kushan fashion, holding lotus
fashion, clad in peculiar flower over 1. shoulder; to
skirt and frilled drawers.
Br. legend 1. in coarse, bold
script, Sri Tor a.
JE
101
• 75
101
• 78
M 100-1
.76
^ 99-2
•8
M 83-8
.82
Similar ; Sri To.
Ditto ; Sri Tora.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; Sri Toramd.
Ditto ; Sri Toramana.
r. ja[ya^, ' victory ' ; to 1.
a vase (PI. XXVII, 2).
Similar; no legend.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; jci[ya].
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; no legend ; much
worn.
1 Mr. J. P. Rawlins had nine coins of this class, some circular, some square, diameter
vai-ying from 4 to -55, collected iu the Panjab. They may not have any connexion with
Kashmir.
268
THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
Serial
Metal,
No.
Museum
Woight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
7
A.s.n.
JE 103-9
Similar to No. 6 ; a (?)
Similar to No. 6 ; no
•83
vase and pellets to r. ;
minute Br. characters over
king's 1. shoulder.
legend (attributed to Tora-
mana by Mr. Rodgers; PI.
XXVlI, 3).
8
>>
JE 96-2
• 85
Similar; To.
Similar ; jaija.
9
10
11
6
7
8
Attributed to TORAMANA (Rodgers)
A.S.B.
I.M.
JE
111-5
•87
JE 98-8
•85
JE 106-3
•75
Similar to preceding, but
earlier in appearance; traces
of legend.
Similar.
Ditto ; ruder.
Deity (? male or female)
seated on throne with r.
knee tucked up ; lotus
flower held over shoulder ;
traces of legend (PI. XXVII,
4).
Similar.
Ditto; rude and much
worn.
PRATAPADITYA II, Durlabhaka, flor. 700 a. d
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
N
N
N
N
N
base
112^7
•9
base
109
• 85
base
104-8
• 81
base
92-7
•85
base
106-2
•8
JE 98-4
• 77
114
•8
116
•8
JE
JE
of the Kushan standing
king ; Ki below 1. arm.
Utterly barbarous copy
the E
Qg; Ki
Similar,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Barbarous, headless copy
of seated goddess ; to r. Br.
Sri Pratapa (PI . XXVII, 5).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
YASOVARMAN, (?) of Kashmir or Kanauj, about (?) 730 a. d.
I.M.
N
base
115-7
•9
Scarcely recognizable
copy of the Kushan stand-
ing king ; Ki below 1. arm.
Headless seated goddess,
even more barbarous than
on the Pratapa coins ; Br.
legend r., Sn Yaiov[arma]
(PI. XX VII, 6).
I
TORAMANA — SANKARAVARMAN
269
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
2
I.M.
N base
115-2
-9
Similar.
Similar.
3
A.S.B.
A/" base
113-1
•9
Ditto.
Ditto.
4
J5
Al. base
114-2
•9
Ditto.
Ditto.
5
JJ
N base
114-1
-93
Ditto.
Ditto; ^rl Ya.
2
3
4
5
6
VINAYADITYA (JAYAPIDA), about 750-80 a.d.
I.M.
A.S.B.
I.M.
A.S.B.
M 123-5
•9
AL 113-5
-87
M 108-3
-87
JE 99-9
-87
JE 112
-85
JE 110-5
-85
Standing king — a mere
trace of the device; to r.
jaya, and ke below.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; ^ri Vinaya.
Ditto ; ditto.
Headless seated goddess,
barely recognizable. Le-
gend Sri Vina\_ydditya] (PI.
XXVIT, 7).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.^
(?) VIGRAHA (VISRAMSADEVA), about seventh century
2
3
I.M.
M
M
117
•85
117
-85
JE 111-8
-82
As on coins of Vinaya-
ditya ; Kida under 1, arm.
Similar.
Ditto.
As on coins of Vinaya-
ditya. Legend, Sri Vigra-
[ha] (PI. XXVII, 8).
Similar.
Ditto.^
A.S.B.
UTPALA DYNASTY
SANKARAVARMAN, 883-902 a.d.
JE
94
-75
M
87-8
-76
Seated goddess ; to r.
Sanka[ra].
Similar; Sa.
Standing king, barely re-
cognizable ; to r. varma.'^
Similar.
^ The metal of these coins seems to be a kind of brass, possibly containing a little gold.
^ On the coins of this dynasty it is preferable to consider the goddess side as the obv.,
on account of the arrangement of the legends.
270
THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASJIMIR
Serial
No.
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
1
2
A.s.n.
I.M.
A.S.B.
>j
I.M.
M
jE
M
M
JE
86
•75
87
•77
Similar to No. 2 ; ^ahka.
Ditto ; legend indistinct.
Similar to No. 2.
Ditto; poor.
GOPALAVARMAN, 902-4 a.d.
85-2
•75
86
•77
85-5
•72
Goddess ; to r. Gopdla.
Similar.
Ditto; Gopa.
King; to r. varma.
Similar.
Ditto.
I.M.
A.S.B.
SUGANDHA RANI (Queen), 904-6 a.d.
Goddess; 1. Sri; r. Su
Similar.
M
91-5
• 78
M
92-8
• 76
M
89-3
•77
M
83-5
•73
Ditto.
Ditto.
King ; r. devya.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto ; much worn.
n
PARTHA, 906-21 a.d., and (restored) 934-5 a.d.
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
84-2
•8
M
95^1
•75
M
89^3
76
Goddess; r. Pdrtha.
Similar.
Ditto.
King; legend wanting.
Similar; r. varma (PI.
XXVII, 9).
Ditto; worn.
KSHEMAGUPTA with Queen DIDDA, 950-8 a.d.
I.M.
55
55
A.S.B.
JE
JE
JE
92-7
•75
97-5
•76
79-7
•75
89-7
•7
Goddess ; 1. Di ; r. Kshe-
ma.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
King ; r. gu.
Similar ; legend wanting
(PI. XXVII, 10).
Ditto ; gu.
Ditto ; gupta ; poor con-
dition.
ABHIMANYUGUPTA, 958-72 a.d.
A.S.B.
A.S.B.
I.M.
M 79-3
• 7
Goddess; 1. A.; r. bhi-
man[yu^.
NANDIGUPTA, 972-3 a.d
King ; r. gu[pta'].
JE
92-8
•75
JE
81
■75
gu.
Goddess ; 1. Na ; r. 7idi-
I.
Similar.
King; r.;?^a, followed by
{?) de[ra] {PL XXVII, 11).
Similar ; worn.
T^t
GOPALAVARMAN — SANGRAMA
271
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
Size 1
TRIBHUVANAGUPTA, 973-5 a.d.
1
IJL
M
71-5
•7
Goddess ; 1. Tri ; r. hhu-
«a[na].
King ; r. gupta.
BHiMAGUPTA, 975-80 a. d.
1
A.S.B.
M
84-8
• 7
Goddess ; 1, Bin ; r. ma.
King; r. gupta (PI.
XXVII, 12).
2
I.M.
M
85
•75
Similar.
Similar; legend imper-
fect.
Queen DIDDA alone, 980-1003 a.d.
1
I.M.
M
90-2
Goddess ; 1. ^n ; r. Did-
King; r. dev[ija\ (PI.
•7
dd.
XXVII, 13).
2
)>
M
88
•75
Similar.
Similar ; legend want-
ing.
3
5>
M
83-8
•75
Ditto ; ^ri Di.
Ditto ; de.
4
It
M
77-7
•75
Ditto ; Sri Diddd.
Ditto ; ditto.
5
A.S.B.
M
90^1
•77
Ditto ; &ri Di.
Ditto; dev.
6
55
M
84-5
• 7
76^4
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; no legend.
7
55
^
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
•75
8
)>
M
84^4
•73
Ditto ; Sri Diddd.
Ditto; ditto.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I.M.
A.S.B.
FIRST LOHARA DYNASTY
SANGRAMA, 1003-28 a.d.
M
89
•75
M
93
•71
M
89
•75
M
84^7
• 77
M
77-6
•7
JE
85^5
•78
M
85-4
•71
Goddess ; \. Sa; r. ngrd-
m,a\rd\
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
King; r. ja deva (PI.
XXVII, 14).
Similar ; r. ja [deva).
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ja deva.
Ditto ; legend indistinct.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto ; worn.
272
THE HINDU COINAGE OF KASHMIR
Serial
No.
Obverse
Reverse
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
I.M.
■!■>
A.S.D.
!■>
JE
91-5
•74
M
88-7
•77
M
87^2
•74
M
95
•7
ANANTA, 1028-63 a. D.
Goddess ; 1. ^ ; r. nanta
Similar.
Ditto; Ananta rd.
Ditto ; ditto.
KALASA, 1063-89 a.d.
King ; r. ja de\va\.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
I.M.
A.S.B.
JE
92-7
•71
JE
86
•75
M
85
•75
JE
82-8
•75
JE
66^1
•7
JE
88-6
•73
Goddess ; 1. Ka ; r. laSa
[rd].
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
King ; r. ja deva (PI.
XXVII, 15).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto; no legend: well
preserved, but weight ex-
ceptionally ligbt ; style
peculiar.
As Nos. 1-4.
HARSHA, 1089-1101 a.d.
A.S.B.
J?
)>
I.M.
''^
?>
^
94
•73
M
101-5
•75
JE
97^3
•68
JE
89-2
•7
JE
101-2
• 7
jE
90-4
•7
Goddess; 1. Ha; r. rsha
rd[ja].
Similar.
Similar; HarsTia.
Ditto ; Ilarsha rd.
Ditto ; Harslia.
Ditto ; ditto.
King ; r. deva (PI,
XXVII, IG).
Similar.
Similar; de.
Ditto : legend illegible.
Ditto; deva; very rude
coin.
Ditto ; raja deva ; rude
coin of irregular shape, ap-
parently struck on a cast
blank.
SECOND LOHARA DYNASTl
SUSSALA, 1112-28 a.d.
A.S.B. I Al 96-2 I Goddess; 1. &ri\ r. Sus
I •( \ sa\la\.
King : r. deva.
ANANTA — UNCERTAIN
273
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
I.M.
A.S.B.
A.S.B.
JAYASIMHADEVA, 1128-55 a.d.^
M 85-8
•8
M 86
•78
Goddess ; 1. Jay a ; r.
si\^i'nha].
Similar.
King ; no legend.
Similar.
JAGA-DEVA, 1198-1214 (Cunningham)
I.M.
M
87-9
•78
M
89-2
•7
M
79-8
•72
M
87-7
•7
M
89
•7
A.S.B.
I.M.
M
104
•87
M
84
.72
Goddess; 1. Jd; r. ga.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
UNCERTAIN
Goddess ; 1. (?) ; r. jaya.
Goddess ; r. ia.
King; r, [c?e2ja] (PI.
XXVII, 17).
Similar ; \. dc, r. va.
Ditto ; no clear legend.
Ditto; 1. de.
Ditto ; \. da; r. va.
King ; 1. (?) prd.
King (assigned by Rod-
gers without sufficient rea-
son to Unmatti).
^ Cunningham erroneously distinguishes Jayasimha I (1127-30) from Jayasiihha II
(1132-55). In reality there was only one Jayasiihha, who reigned for twenty-seven years.
His history is related at great length in Rajatarangini, Bk. viii, and in Stein's Introduction ;
see also Stein, vol. ii, p. 814, note.
2 Jaga-deva is not included in Stein's lists because the Rdjat, was completed in
1149-50 A.D. ■
Section XVIII
THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF
KANGRA
INTRODUCTION
The great fort at Kangra (N. lat. 32° 5', E. long. 76° 18') in early
times was the stronghold of the kingdom of Jalandhara or Trigarta.
The family of the Rajas claimed the honour of very high antiquity, but
their coinage is comparatively modern. It begins with coins bearing
the legend Sdnnanta deva, directly imitated from the ' bull and horse-
man' coins of the kings of Ohind {ante, Sect. xiv). It is impossible
to deteitnine the personal name or the exact date of the Raja of
Kangra who struck the Sdmanta deva pieces ; but, so far as may be
judged from their appearance, and their close resemblance to the coins
known to belong to the fourteenth century, they cannot be assigned
to a period much anterior to 1300 A. d. The earliest coins assignable
to a named Raja of Kangra are those of Pithama (Prithivi) chandra deva,
who reigned from about 1315 to 1330 a. d. The series closes with Triloka
chandra deva in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and thus
extends over a period of three hundred j^ears in round numbers.
During this period, according to Cunningham's list (CM. I., p. 104),
eighteen Rajas reigned, and fifteen of them are known to have struck
coins. In the following catalogue the coinage of twelve of those fifteen
princes is represented.
The coins from first to last vary little, all being shabby little pieces
of copper or bronze, rudely executed and devoid of all pretence to
artistic merit. The type is a degraded imitation of the ' bull and
horseman' device of the Ohind coins (ante, Sect, xiv), the bull being
sometimes omitted, and the outline of the horseman often barely
recognizable. The diameter ordinarily varies between '5 and -6 inch,
with an average of about -55. The coin of Dharma chandra deva,
diameter -41, is exceptionally small. The weight usually is a little
above or below 50 grains. Excluding the anomalous Dharma chandra
deva coin with a weight of 22-5 grains, and a few worn coins weighing
INTRODUCTION
275
between 30 and 40 grains each, the weight of the specimens catalogued
ranges from 40 to 63-3 grains.
The chief interest of this merely local coinage is derived from its
remarkable uniformity and persistence of type. The coins are described
with sufficient fullness by Cunningham (C 31. I., pp. 101-8, PI. XI),
but Rodgers has pointed out that the reading of the name Kapa is
erroneous. The coins attributed to the imaginary Kapa appear to
belong to Rupa chandra deva, the contemporary of Firoz Tughlak in
the fourteenth century. Dr. Vogel has been engaged recently in investi-
gating the antiquities of the Kangra Valley, and when his researches
are published the local history will be known more fully than it is at
present. He now announces (1906) that ' the historical fort and the
numerous temples of Kangra Kot are completely destroyed' by the
earthquake of 1905.
CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
SAMANTA DEVA, about 1300 a.d.i
A.S.B.
M
59-4
•57
JE
53-5
•59
JE
5M
•57
JE
47
•55
JE
53-8
•57
Recumbent bull 1. ; Sn
Sdmanta above.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto; ^n Sdmanta deva.
Ditto ; &ri Sdmanta.
Debased horseman, as on
coins of Obiad (PL XXVII,
18).
Similar.
Ditto ; Sri above.
Ditto.
Ditto ; &rl above.
PiTHAMA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1330-45 a. d
l.M.
A.S.B.
M
55-4
•6
JE
50-5
•55
JE
57-6
•55
JE
48^7
• 53
JE
49^5
• 55
Two-line legend, (1) Sri
Pltha- (2) ma chandra.
Similar.
Ditto.
Three-line legend, (1)
&rt Pltha- (2) ma chandra
(3) deva, imperfect.
Similar.
Debased horseman, as on
coins of kings of Ohind
(PI. XXVII, 19).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
1 This designation is not to be taken as the personal name of a Maharaja of Kangra ;
the title simply seems to be copied from the Ohind coins.
T 2
276 THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF KANGRA
Sorial
No. I
Museum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
4
Ml-IuI,
Woisht,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
APURVA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1345-60 a.d.
.4..S.7;.
JJI.
A.S.B.
JE
M
JE
JE
JE
47-1
•58
51-2
• 56
48-5
•55
50-3
• 57
48
• 55
48-7
•55
59
•6
52
• 56
43^5
•5
oval
39^2
6X-45
M
^
49-5
.55
44^3
•55
Recumbent bull 1. ; Sri
Apu[r^va above.
Similar ; ^ri Aim.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; Apurva.
Ditto ; ^ri Apurva.
Three-line legend, (1)
Maharaja (2) ^ri Apu (3)
rva Chandra deva, imper-
fect.
Similar ; legend indis-
tinct.
Ditto; (1) Mahard[ja'\
(2) ^rl Ap[u] (3) rva Chan-
dra deva, imperfect.
Four-line legend, (1)
[Ma]hdra.ja (2) [^r]l Ap-
urva (3) [chayidra deva
(4) perhaps a date, indis-
tinct.^
Three-line legend, (1)
Apu (2) chandra (3) deva.
Two-line legend, (1) ^rl
A {2) chandra.
Debased horseman (PI.
XXVII, 20).
Similar.
Ditto ; ^ri above.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; Sri above.
Ditto ; ditto.
RtJPA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1360-75 a. d.
I.M.
JE 46 I Two-line legend in large
5 script, {l)\_Rujpacha[ndra^
(2) deva.
Recumbent bull 1. ; mar-
ginal legend above, Sri
Rilpa cha\ndra^.
Similar ; Sri Rupa.
Ditto; ditto. (The Ru
looks like Ka, and was so
read on similar coins by
Cunningham, but Rodgers
gives the ' Kapa ' coins to
Rupa.)
JE
50
•57
JE
53
•52
JE
54-5
•6
Debased horseman.
Ditto.
Ditto ; &rl above horse.
Ditto.
' Cunningham bad one dated coin of Eama chandra deva.
APURVA CHANDRA DEVA — HARI CHANDRA DEVA Til
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
5
A.S.B.
M 53-3
• 56
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto.
6
i>
M 47-8
•55
Ditto ; Sri Ru.
Ditto.
7
jj
M 47-8
•58
Ditto ; ^ri Rupa.
Ditto.
8
>)
M 44
•55
Ditto ; Rupa.
Ditto.
SINGARA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1375-90 a. d.
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
47-6
.52
^
47-9
•55
M
53
•55
M
47-8
• 55
M
55
•55
M
44-3
•55
JE
40
•51
Three-line legend, (1)
[Ma]hdrdja (2) [-^n] Sin-
gdra (3) [cha^ndra deva.
Similar; (1) Maharaja
indistinct (2) Sri Singd[ra~\
(3) Chandra de\va^.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Debased horseman.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; &rt above.
MEGHA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1390-1405 a.d.
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
M
48
•55
M
OTal
48-5
6X.5
44
•52
M 43^4
•51
M 33-4
•52
Three-line legend, (1)
Mahdrdja (2) &rl Meg ha
(3) Chandra deva, nearly
complete.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Debased horseman (PI.
XXVII, 21).
Similar ; (?) Sri above.
Ditto.
Ditto ; (?) »^n above.
Ditto; worn.
HARI CHANDRA DEVA, about 1405-20 a. d.
A.S.B.
M
44
•51
^ 63-3
•55
Three-Hue legend, (l)l/a-
hdrdja (2) Sri Hari cha
(3) ndra deva, almost
complete.
Similar; ^ri Hari, not
Harl.
Debased horseman (PI.
XXVII, 22).
Similar.
278 THE COINS OF THE MAHARAJAS OF KANGRA
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
3
A.S.B.
M 52-2
•55
As No. 2.
As No. 2.
4
I.M.
-E 47-5
•55
Ditto.
Ditto.
6
)>
yE 57-4
•57
Ditto.
Ditto.
6
)>
^ 53-3
•54
Ditto.
Ditto.
7
>»
JE 56-7
• 58
Ditto.
Ditto.
8
A.S.B.
yE 55
•53
Ditto.
Ditto.
KARMA CHANDRA DEVA, about
1420-35 A.D.
1
A.S.B.
^ 48-7
•5
Three-line legend, ( 1 ) Ma-
haraja (2) ^rl Karma (3)
Chandra deva, nearly com-
Debased horseman.
2
55
JE 45-4
.5
plete.
Similar.
Similar; Sri.
AVATARA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1450-65 a.d.
1
I.M.
2
>>
3
jj
4
A.S.B.
6
»
6
j>
M
47
•55
M
35-5
•51
M
44
•5
M
44-3
• 55
M
48-1
•55
M
44
• 52
Three-line legend, ( 1 ) Ma-
haraja (2) Sri Avatd[ra]
(3) Chandra deva.
Similar; incomplete.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
Debased horseman.
Similar ; defaced.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
NARENDRA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1465-80 a. d.
A.S.B.
I.M.
^ 45-3
•5
^ 37^9
•5
Three-line legend, (1)
[Mahdrdja] (2) Sri Naren-
dra (3) chandra de\va~\.
Similar; incomplete.
Debased horseman.
Similar.
(?)RAMA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1510-28 a.d.
I.M.
M 48^5
•55
Recumbent bull 1.; above
Sri (?) Rama (Rodgers).
Debased horseman.
PLATE XXVI
J
NY
-?v*.
Jr^
A/
;!'-*V'*w
A/
C:^^:^'--:
'\-:
w h:^c
-^^^ ^ -^ "-
*« .*->
v-^
lO >E
KASHMIR AND KANGRA
J
KARMA CHANDRA DEVA — TRILOKA CHANDRA DEVA 279
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DHARMA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1528-63 a. d.
IJI.
yE
22-5
•41
legend in
Two - line
square, (1) Dharrna (2)
chan[dra].
Defaced ; should be
Durgd devi (Rodgers ; not
as given by Cunningham).
TRILOKA CHANDRA DEVA, about 1610-25 a.d.
IJI.
A.S.B.
JE
M
49-6
•56
49-7
• 55
53-5
•58
43
•57
49
•6
43
•57
4G-2
•55
47^3
•55
44-6
•55
Three -line legend, (1) 1 Debased horseman (PI.
Maharaja (2) -Sri Triloka XXVII, 23).
(3) chandra deva, almost
complete.
Similar; less complete.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; Sri.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; Sri.
I
Section XIX
NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
INTRODUCTION
The modem kingdom of Nepal, a considerable territory extending
east and west for a distance of about five hundred miles between the
Indian plains and the Himalayan snowy range, with a breadth of about
one hundred and thirty miles, was formed by the Gurkha or Gorkhali
conquests in the eighteenth century, as modified by subsequent trans-
actions with the Government of India. But, strictly speaking, the name
Nepal applies only to the valley surrounding the capital, and in ancient
documents it must be so interpreted. The other territories now included
in the kingdom were ruled formerly by various independent Rajas.
The Valley of Nepal is a tract of comparatively level ground elevated
about 4,500 feet above the sea, with an average length from east to
west of about twenty miles, and an average breadth from north to
south of about fifteen miles. This small region contains no less than
three considerable towns or cities, which have been the capitals of
principalities, namely, Kathmandu^ (lat. 27° 42' N., long. 85° 36' E.) or
Kantipur, the present capital ; Patan or Lalitapur, two miles to the
south-east of Kathmandii, and Bhatgaon or Bhatgaon, nine miles to
the east of that city. About sixty smaller towns are scattered over
the valley.
Nepal, in the limited sense defined above, was included in the
empire of Asoka, but in the fourth century a. d. was outside of the
dominions of Samudra gupta. About 637 a. d. it seems to have been
conquered by Harsha vardhana, Lord Paramount of Northern India,
whose era, dating from 606-7 A. D., was used in the country in 640 and
645 A. D. {Ind. Ant., xix, 40; contra, Ettinghausen, Harm-Vardhana^
p. 47, Louvain, 1906). But his suzerainty over the valley lasted only
a few years, and at the time of his death in 648 a. d. Nepal was a
dependency of Tu-fan or Tibet.
Its numismatic history begins in the sixth century with a series
of large copper coins bearing the names of Mananka, Gunaiika, Vai^ra-
' For tlio spoiling see Bendall, Journey, p. 3, note. The text follows Wright's History
of Nepfd, cited as W.
INTRODUCTION 281
vana, Amsuvarman, Jishnugupta, and Pa^upati. Inscriptions and the
testimony of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang prove that Amsuvarman
was reigning between 640 and 650, and that he was succeeded by
Jishijugupta. The dates of the coins inscribed with the names of
Manahka, Gunaiika, Vaisravana, and Pasupati cannot be determined
with equal precision, but those of Mananka may be assigned to the sixth,
and the latest, those of Pasupati, to the eighth century. Vaisravana
and Pasupati probably are the names of deities, not of kings.
A Raja named Raghava deva introduced a new era, the Nepali
or Newar Samvat, the first year of which began on October 20, 879 a.d.
Dates recorded in this era are converted roughly into dates A. D. by
the addition of 880. M. L^vi believes that the establishment of the
Nepali era was the official declaration of the independence of Nepal, which
then severed its political dependence on Tibet. A wide gap separates
the latest ancient coins, those bearing the name of Pasupati, from the
earliest coins of the Malla kings at the beginning of the seventeenth
century, when the country was divided into the three principalities of
Bhatofaon, Kathmandu, and Patan, The first recorded coin date seems
to be 751 N. S. = 1631 a.d. of Siddhi narasimha of Patan; but the
catalogue includes an undated coin of Lakshmi narasimha of Kathmandu,
who reigned from 1595 to 1639 a.d. According to the native chronicle
the first silver coinage of Nepal was struck in the sixteenth century
by Raja Mahindra Malla (No. 13) of Kathmandu, who visited Delhi,
and obtained special permission from the Emperor, presumably Akbar
(W., p. 207). The coins of the Malla Rajas of the three principalities
are dated, if dated at all, in the Nepali or Newar era, and the series
extends up to the Gorkhali conquest in 1768 a.d.
In that year Prithvi narayana sah, who had become Raja of Gorkha,
forty miles to the west of Kathmandu in 1742 (W., p. 290), conquered
the Valley of Nepal, and established the dynasty which still subsists,
although overshadowed by the hereditary ministers, who are the real
rulers of the country. The Gorkhali coins are dated in the Saka era,
which may be converted roughly into the Christian era by the addition
of 78.
The ancient copper coinage of Amsuvarman, &c. is closely allied to
the Yaudheya coinage, and, like it, is descended from the Kushan.
The heaviest of the specimens catalogued weighs 208-4 grains, and may
have been intended for a 1^ pawa piece of about 219 grains. The Malla
coinage, in silver only, seems to have been struck to the Delhi rupee
standard of 175 grains. Some specimens exhibit imperfect attempts to
copy the Persian or Arabic legends of the Mughal coinage. All the
known coins are broad thin pieces about an inch in diameter, generally
weighing about 85 grains. The heaviest recorded weight for these half-
282 NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
rupees is 87-5 grains for coins of Siddhi narasiiiiha of Patan and
Kanajita raalla of Bhatgaon. The types, excepting a few pieces which
attempt to copy the Mughal coinage, are local in character.
The Gorkhrdi coinage bears a general resemljlance to that of the Malla
Rajas, and is struck to the same standard, but includes examples of whole
rupees, as well as of fractions smaller than the half. Glrvan yuddha
vikraraa and Surendra vikrama issued gold coins similar to the silver in
weight and design ; and the last-named prince also emitted an extensive
copper coinage. But the Nepalese prefer the so-called ' dumpy pice ',
rough lumps of copper manufactured by private persons, which are
largely used to this day, not only in Nepal, but in the adjoining
British districts.
For the ancient copper coinage, C. A. I., pp. 112-18, PI. XIII, is the
best authority. The Malla and Gorkhall coinage has not been described
previously in detail, and, except a few specimens in Marsden's Numis-
mata Orientalia, could be studied hitherto only in Mr. Rodgers' rough
lists. The collection now catalogued, the origin of which I do not
know, is sufliiciently comprehensive to give a good notion of the coinage
of Nepal from 1600 A. D. to the present time.
Materials for the history of the country will be found in sundry
articles in Ind. Ant., vols, ix, xiii, xiv; D. Wright, History of Nepal
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1877, cited as W.) ; Prof. C. Bendall, A Journey
in Nepal and Northern India (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1886 ; esp.
Table II) ; ' The History of Nepal and Surrounding Kingdoms (1000-
1600 A. D.), compiled chiefly from MSS. lately discovered ' (/. A. S. B.,
Part I, 1903) ; and Prof. Sylvain Levi, Le Nepal, iStude historique d'un
Moyaume hindou (3 vols., Paris, 1905). The last-named work embodies
the results attained by all earlier inquirers. I have seen only the first
volume.
The proper attribution of the coins of Madana simha deva of Cham-
paran was discovered by the late Prof. C. Bendall, who gives the
following list of the
' Dynasty of Gorakhpur-Champaran (Western Tirhiit)
1. Prithvi-siriiha deva, A. D. 1434-5.
2. Saktisiriiha.
3. Madana (Siriiha deva), 1453-4, 1457-8' {J.A.S.B., Parti, 1903,
ut sup., pp. 20, 31 of reprint).
The coins, which are common in Gorakhpur, also occur in the
Panjab (Rodgers, Cat. I. M., Part III, pp. 100, 125 ; Cat. Lahore Mus.,
Part IV, p. 12 (20 specimens), with erroneous readings ; V. A. Smith,
J. A. S. B., Part I, 1897, p. 310 ; the reading j'>?'a«a2/a gives better sense
than pranava).
CATALOGUE
NEPAL
1. ANCIENT KINGS; sixth to eighth centuries a.d.
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
2
3
Copper
MANANKA (? MANADEVA), exact
A.S.B.
LM.
M
M
M
M
M
184-8
1-0
208-4
1-05
202-8
1-04
202-8
l-Ol
185
1-04
Lion standing 1.; in front
of him, according to Cun-
ningham, lotus plant,
flower, and bird ; above,
Sri Mdndnka.
Similar; standard ■with
ribbons in front of lion.
Similar ; lion in dotted
circle ; no object in front
of him ; legend lost or
wanting.
Similar ; long - stalked
lotus flower in front of lion;
legend as on No. 1.
Similar; only lion visi-
ble.
DATE UNCERTAIN
Goddess seated cross -
legged, with r. hand raised ;
legend r., Sri Bhogini
{C.A.I., PI. XIII, 1).
Defaced.
Goddess and legend as
on No. 1.
Almost defaced.
As No. 1 ; in bad con-
dition.
AMSUVARMAN (Thakuri Dynasty), flor. 640-50 a.d.
A.S.B.
M
M
163-3
-95
138-7
•95
M
187
-96
Winged lion standing 1.,
with off fore-leg raised ;
legend r., Sryamiuvarma
(note the sandhi).
As No. 1 : much worn.
Winged lion, as on No.
1 ; legend above, Sryansoh,
' of Sri Aihsu,' imperfect.
Lion standing 1., off fore-
leg raised ; no legend ;
circle of large dots ; cres-
cent over lion (C. A. I., PL
XIII, 6).
Cow standing 1. ; above,
Kdmadehi, 'incarnation of
Kama,' apparently a syno-
nym for Kdmadhenu, 'the
cow that yields every wish'
(C.^./., PI. XIII, 4).
Sun in centre ; surround-
ed by legend in bold cha-
racters, mahdrdjddhirdja-
sya, ' of the sovereign '
(C. A. I., PI. XIII, 5).i
^ The A. S. B. specimens of Mananka and Amsuvarma, part of a find of forty coins,
were presented in 1887 by the author, to whom they had been given by Dr. Gimlette,
Residency Surgeon at Kathmandu. No. 3 of Arhsuvarman was the only one of its kind in
the lot. Three specimens of Mananka and five of Amsuvarman, which were then retained
by the author, are now in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
284
NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
Sorial
No.
Museum
Mital,
Si/c.
Obverse
Reverse
PASUPATI, PROBABLY EIGHTH CENTURY
l.M.
^
64-9
• 8
M
101.2
• 87
Large rayed sun in
centre ; above Pa ; to r.
Su; below j?a ; to I. ti ;
all in circle of dots.
Similar; worn.
Cow standing r. ; cres-
cent above (PI. XXVIII,
1; C.A.I., PI. XIII, 10).
Similar ; worn. (The
name Paiupati probably
is that of a deity, not of
a king.)
II.
THE MALLA RAJAS OF BHATGAON, KATH-
MANDU, AND PATAN
Silver
A.— RAJAS of BHATGAON (W., chap, v, list, p. 314)
No. 18. BHUPATiNDRA MALLA, 1687-1721 a. d.
Trident in central circle;
sword above ; numerous
ornaments ; no legend (PI.
XXVIII, 2).
1
l.M.
2
>>
3
5>
Al
in
83-3 I Three-line legend
1-09 ^ scolloped square, (1) Sri
in jaya (2) Bhupatindra
(3) malla deva ; date below
816 (N. S. = 1696 A. D.);
marginal ornaments.
Similar; same date.
86
1-02
83-1
1-08
Ditto; ditto.
Similar.
Ditto.
No. 19. RANAJITA MALLA, 1721-54 a.d. or later
l.M.
M
JR
87-5
M
64-5
M
As coins of Bhupatindra,
with substitution of name
Ranajita and date 842
(N. S. = 1722 A.D.).
Similar.
As coins of Bhupatindra.
Similar; in poor con-
dition.
SABHAJIT MALLA (not in Wright's lists)
l.M.
M
81.7
Ml
Similar ; with name
Sabhajita, and date 842.
Similar.
B.— RA.IAS OF KATHMANDU (Kantipur,
W., chap, vi, hst, p. 315)
No. 16. LAKSHMlNARA SIMHA, 1595-1639 a.d.
l.M.
Ai
83-5
1-09
Three-line legend in
small central square, (1)
Sri Lakshmi (2) 7iara si
(3) n ; with shell. Drum
above, and sundry marginal
ornaments ; no date.
Trident in central circle ;
^ri above : marginal orna-
ments.
PASUPATI — (JAYA) CIIAKRAVARTENDRA
285
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 17. PRATAPA MALLA, 1639-89 a. d.
I.M.
M
M
83
1-08
84-9
1-0
Three-line legend in cen-
tral square, ( 1 ) Sri Praia
(2) pa malla (3) 861 (N. S.
= 1G41A.D.); drum above;
marginal ornaments.
Type imitating coin of
Jahangir, with his name
in Arabic ; also Pratdpa
malla in Nagarl letters in
field; date 776 below
(N. S.= 165G A. D.).
As coin of Lakshml nara
simha.
Corrupt Arabic legend,
probably intended for lid hi ;
in field Nagari legend, Sri
irl Kavindra jay a, ' victory
to Kavindra,' or ' the lord
of poets '1 (PI. XXVm, 3).
NRIPENDRA, son of Pratapa, Raja for a year in his father's
LIFETIME, 796 N. S. = 1676-7 A. d. (W., p. 219)
2
3
I.M.
M
83-5
l-Ol
M
M>
1
01
84
1-01
Similar to No. 2 of Pra-
tapa malla, with imperfect
imitation of Arabic legend;
rayed sun above ; trident
in centre ; floral ornaments
in field ; Nagari legend
scattered over field, ^rl irl
jaya Nripendra.
Similar ; same date.
Ditto; ditto.
Sword in centre ; crescent
at top ; imitation Arabic
legend ; Nagari legend,
malla deva, 796 (N. S.=
1676 A.D.).
Similar.
Ditto.
(JAYA) CHAKRAVARTENDRA, son of Pratapa, Raja for one
DAY, 789 N. S. = 1669-70 a.d. (W., pp. 219, 220)
In central circle, shell,
lotus, sun, and moon ; on
margin to r. a bow, to 1.
five arrows, and floral or-
naments. Legend above,
^rl jaya, below, Chakra
va.
I.M. JR 84-5 In central circle, shell. In centre a triangular
1-01 lotus, sun, and moon; on hdndstra, or conventional
bow and arrow pattern ;
and around it a noose
{pdia); elephant-goad (an-
kus), long-stalked lotus,
and yak-tail fly- whisk,
more or less distinct. Date
below 789 (N. S. = 17G9
a. d. pi. XXVIII, 4).2
^ The honorific prefix Sri is not translated. * Pratapa malla inonde de sa prose et de
ses vers I'^tendue de ses domaines' (Levi, vol. i, p. 216\ See also W., p. 215.
^ For the story see W., pp. 219, 220. 'The inscription on Chakravartendra's coin,
devised by the Svami, consists of a triangular Bandsira (bow and arrow), Pas (a noose),
Ankus (the iron hook for driving an elephant), Kumal (a lotus), Chamar (a yak's tail),
and Sambat 789. This device caused his death. Note. — A bow and arrow are ominous of
death, but, nevertheless, the water in which such a coin is dipped possesses the quality
of causing a speedy delivery in child-bed. These coins, which are very rare, are still used
for this purpose.'
280
NEPAL AND CHAMPAKAN
Serial
No.
Museum
Motal,
Weiglit,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 19. (JAY A) BHASKARA MALLA, about 1695-1710 a. d.
IJI.
Ai 85-3
M
In central circle, trident
and legend Bri Jaya Bhds-
kara; floral and other or-
naments in margin.
In central circle, sword,
legend malla deva, date
821 (N. S. 1701 A. D).
Marginal legend, each
character in a trefoil orna-
ment, Nepdleivara girin-
dra, 'king of Nepal, lord
of the mountains.'
(JAYA) ViRA MAHENDRA, flor. 1709 a.d.
I.M.
M,
83
1-0
In central circle, sword,
^rl Sri, and date 829
(N. S.= 1709 A.D.). Mar-
ginal legend in sinuous
border, Jaya Vira Mahendra
malla.
In circle, sword, wreath,
sun and moon. Marginal
legend in ornamental bor-
der, Sri Lokandtha nama,
' worship of Lokanatha,' a
Nepalese deity (PI. XXVIII,
5).
No. 20. JAGAJJAYA MALLA, alias Mahipatindra Malla or Jaya
Mahindra Simha, of Kathmandu and Patan, 822-52 N. S.
= 1702-32 A.D.
I.M.
M
M
M
A\
83-4
1-08
83-9
M
82-8
1-09
79-8
1-02
In central circle, trident,
and Sri Jaya Jagajjaya ;
ornaments on margin.
In central circle, trident,
and Sri Jagajjaya malla ;
in margin ornaments only.
In central circle, trident,
and Sri Sri Jaya Mahin-
dra ; in margin ornaments
only.
In square with curved
sides, trident, and pellets ;
in marginal lozenges, and
in field, Sr't 2 Jaya Mahlpa.
In central circle, malla
deva, date 851 (N. S.=
1731); sword and wreath
between the words ; mar-
gin, NepdleSvara rdjendra,
' king of Neprd, lord of the
kingdom.'
In octagon, ^rl 2 Mahi-
patindra malla, and date
838 (N. S.= 1718 A. D.);
sword and wreath in cen-
tre. On margin, Nepdle-
ivara rdjendra.
In central circle, sword
and wreath; legend, s?/HAa
deva, and date 836 (N. S.
= 1716 A. D.). Marginal
legend, Nepdlesimra girin-
dra, ' king of Nepal, lord
of the mountains.'
Sword and wreath. Le-
gend, tendra malla deva ;
pellets, &c. ; no date.
(JAVA) BHASKARA MALLA — (JAYA) NIVASA MALLA 287
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
(JAYA) INDRA MALLA (not IxN W.)
I.M.
M.
83
1-03
M
85
l-Ol
In central square, sword
with wreath, and legend
ft
Sri Sri Lokandtha; sun and
moon above with Sri Sri ;
outside square, Jay a Indra
malla deva.
Duplicate of No. 1.
In scolloped frame, tri-
dent with wreath, and le-
gend Sri Bhagavatl devl ;
date below 826 (N. S.=
1706 A.D.) (PI. xxvm,
6).
As No. 1.
(JAYA) PRAKASA MALLA, of Kathmandu and Patan, 1732-71 a. d.
I.M. iR 83 Whole surface covered In central scolloped frame,
1-13 with elaborate patterns; an equilateral triangle with
pellet in centre, and legend
Sri 3 Talatrimdtri ; on in-
ner margin, Sri Sri Sri Ku-
mdrl mdtri ; on outer mar-
gin, Sri mallyatedaga. (?)
(PI. XXVIII, 7).^
I.M.
M.
2-5 I
•46
Whole surface covered
with elaborate patterns ;
in central rectangle, le-
gend, Jaya PrakdSa malla ;
above Nepdleivara, ' king
of Nepal'; to 1. date, 873
(N. S.= 1753 A.D.).
UNCERTAIN
Legend not read, in
rayed border.
Sword in centre ; sun
and crescent moon above.
Legend, ^rl Bha . . (A
minute, thin piece, probably
struck as largess money, or
nisdr.)
C— RAJAS OF PATAN (Lalitapur, W., chap, vii,
list, p. 315)
No. 2. SIDDHI NARA SIMHA, about 1618-57 a.d.
I.M.
M
87-5
1-12
In central circle, sword
and star. Legend, iSrZ Sri
Siddhi ; marginal orna-
ments.
In central circle, winged
lion standing 1. ; in inner
margin among ornaments,
above nara, below singd.
No. 3. (JAYA) NIVASA MALLA, 1657— about 1700 a.d.
I.M.
M
84
1-0
Field occupied by two
intersecting triangles with
various ornaments ; in
central compartment, sword
with wreath, sun, moon,
stars, and legend, Sri Sri
Jaya ; in other compart- Nepal.'
ments, Sri Nivdsa malla.
In central circle, eleva-
tion of a Nepalese temple,
and other indistinct sym-
bols; date, 786 (N. S.=
1666 A.D.) ; on inner mar-
gin NepdleSvara, ' king of
1 ' He built a house in Kantipur for the Kumans to live in, which was constructed
according to Mstu-chakra, and instituted their rath-jatrd ' [procession] (W., p. 227).
288
NEPAL AND CIIAMPARAN
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
No. 4.
l.M.
(JAYA OR ViRA) YOGA NARENDRA MALLA, about
M
83-9
1-01
M
M
M
84-2
1-05
83-7
1-05
75-5
1-0
1700-5 A.D.
Field covered by two
svastikas interlaced, with
legend and floral orna-
ments dispersed in com-
partments. Central legend,
&rt 3 [i.e. 'thrice'] Loka-
ndtha ; intermediate le-
gend, Srt ^rl Yoga narendra
malla deva ; outer legend,
Sangi tdndava pdraga,
' Sangl [? meaning] skilled
in the tdndava ' (dance or
mantra).
Similar.
Ditto.
Sword with wreath in
centre ; sun, moon, and
stars above; inner legend,
^rl Sri Jaya Yoga narendra
malla ; outer legend, Sangl
tdndava pdraga.
Field covered by a rhom-
boid and two equilateral
triangles interlaced, with
temple in centre, and le-
gend dispersed in compart-
ments; date below 806
(N. S.= 1686 A.D.). Cen-
tral legend, ^rl Narendra
Lakshml devl ; outer le-
gend, Sri Pratdpa Lakshml
devl (PI. XXVIII, 8).
Similar ; same date.
Ditto ; ditto.
Trident with wreath in
centre ; orl Sri Vlra Yoga
narendra malla ; outer le-
gend, Nepdla churdmani,
' crest-jewel of Nepal ' ;
date below 820 (N. S.=
1700 A.B.y
YOGAMATI, C?) WIDOW of Yoqanarendra, with her son Loka
Praka1\, 827 N. S. = 170/ a. d.^
/..!/. M 82-5 Square with smaller Two
1-02 square inscribed diagon-
ally, and in centre a third
square containing sword
with wreath. Outer le-
gend, Sri 2 Jaya Lokapra-
kdia malla deva ; inner
legend, Sri Sri Kalund-
maya.
YOGAMATI, (■?) WIDOW of Yoqanarendra, with (?)her son
ViRA Nara Si[m]ha Malla, 82 (?) N. S. = 170 (?) a.d.
interlaced equi-
lateral triangles, with cen-
tral scolloped compartment
containing trident. Legend,
Sri Srt Yogamatl devl; date
below 827 (N. S. = 1707
a. d,).
M loop
attached
1-0
Square with prominen-
ces ; outer legend, Sri Vlj-a
nara siha malla deva; inner
legend, Sri 2 Lokandtha.
I.M. M loop Square with prominen- Equilateral triangle, with
smaller one inscribed ; tri-
dent in centre. Legend,
Sri Sri Yogamatl devl ; date
below 82 (?) (N.S.= 170 (?)
a. d.) ; much worn.
' No. 4 apparently was struck after Yoga narendra's accession ; Nos. 1-3 must liave
been struck during the lifetime of his father Nivasa. 'a.d. 1703, at an auspicious
moment, the Raja placed a Chudamani in the temple' (W., p. 195). For dances see
AV., pi>. 120), 205.
^ Inscr. No. 22 (Tnd. Ant., ix. 102) records dedication of a temple in 845 by Yogamatl
in memory of lier deceased son Lokaprakasa.
YOGA NARENDRA MALLA — PRITHVI NARAYANA 289
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
No. 6.1 (JAY A) YOGA PRAKASA MALLA, about 1722-30 a. d.
2
3
4
IJI.
No.
IJI.
M
83-5
1-09
M
M
M
85-6
l-OG
85
M
82-4
1-07
In central circle, trident
with pellets, and legend
Sri irl Jaya Yo, with date
852, On margin, each
character in a compart-
ment, ga prakdia malla
deva.
Similar ; same date.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; date illegible.
In central octagon sword
with wreath. Marginal
legend, each character in
a compartment, ^ri hi hi
Kalundmaya.
Similar ; Karundmaya.
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
7. (JAYA) VISHNU MALLA, about 1730-41 a.d.
JR
82-6
1-02
M
M
M
84-6
Ml
81
M
80-7
M2
Network of raised lines
over surface ; imitations
of Arabic characters, and
legend Sri hi Jaya Vishnu
malla deva, with trident in
centre, and date below 861
(N. S.= 1741 a. D.).
Similar; same date.
In central circle, trident,
^rl hi, and date 859 (N. S.
= 1739 A.D,). Marginal
legend in ornaments, Jaya
Vishnu malla deva.
Similar to No. 1 ; date
861 (N. S.= 1741 A.D.).
Outer legend, Sri Jaya
vira Yoganarendra malla
deva ; in scolloped central
circle, dagger with wreath,
and Sri hi hi Lokandtha.
Similar.
Reticulated surface; imi-
tations of Ai'abic charac-
ters ; legend Sri hi Karu-
ndmaya; sword with wreath
in centre.
Similar to No. 1 ; poor.
III. THE GORKHALI DYNASTY
(W., chaps, ix, x, xii, list, p. 315)
No. 1. PRITHVI NARAYANA. 1768-74 a.d.
Silver
I.M. M 83-7 Square, with sun, moon,
1-29 and stars above, orna-
ments at sides ; in centre,
small circle containing tri-
dent. Legend in square,
Sri hi Prithvl ndrdyana
sdha deva. Date below
1691 (^aka = 1769 a.d,),'
^ No, 5 of W. is Jagajjaya or Mahipatindra of Kathmandu. The dates do not always
a^ree.
Central circle enclosing
legend, Sri hi Bhavdnl;
marginal legend, each cha-
racter in an ornament, ^rl
hi hi Gorakhandtha.
SMITH
U
290
NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
Serial
No.
2
3
4
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
I.M.
/U 84-3
1.15
As No. 1; datelG93S.=
1771 A.D.
AsNo. 1(P1. XXVIII,9).
No. 2. PRATAPA SIMHA, 1774-7 a. d.
Silver
I.M.
m.
A\
83-4
M2
83-9
112
Device as on coins of
Prithvl Narayana. Legend,
&ri srl iri Pratdpa simha
sdha deva; date 1697 (s.
= 1775 A.D).
Similar ; same date.
Central circle enclosing
legend, (^rt hi Chiheivarl;
marginal legend, Sri iri hi
Gorakhandtha.
Similar.
No. 3. RANA BAHADUR, 1777-99 a.d.
Silver
I.M.
B.
M
m.
M.
M,
84
M8
83
M9
85-2
1-02
thick
168-4
1-02
20-8
•68
Device as on coins of
preceding kings. Legend,
^rl irl iri Rana Bahadur
sdha deva; date 1708 (S.
= 1786 A.D.).
Similar; date 1709 =
1787 A.D.
Ditto; date 1712 = 1790
A.D.
Ditto ; ditto.
Trident; SrlsrlBhavdnl;
date 1712=1790 A.D.
Central circle, enclosing
dagger -with wreath and
legend Srl Bhavdnl ; mar-
ginal legend in ornaments,
Srl Srl hi Gorakhandtha.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Temple with wreath.
Legend, Srl 3 Rdja Rdje-
Svarl devl (name of a god-
dess).
No. 4. GiRVAN YUDDHA VIKRAMA, 1799-1816 a.d.
IM.
N
84-2
1-02
Gold
Square with openings in
r. and 1. sides; ornaments
outside, and Sri sri srl
above; date 1724 (^. =
1802 A.D.) below; inside
square Girvdn yuddha vi-
krama sdha deva. Small
central circle containing
trident.
Silver
I.M.
M
82
1-09
As No. 1 ; date 1730.
Central circle enclosing
sword or dagger with
wreath, and ^ri 3 Bhavdni.
Marginal legend in orna-
ments, Sri hi Sri Go-
rakhandtha. Condition fine
(PI. XXVIII, 10).
As No. 1.
PRATAPA SIMHA— SURENDRA VIKRAMA
291
Serial
Metal,
No.
Museum
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
3
I.M.
iR 85
M
Ditto; date 1737.
Ditto.
4
5>
JR square
Svastika, with central
Circle enclosing dagger
34-4
circle enclosing ti-ident. Le-
with wreath, and legend
•6
gend, Glrvdn yuddha vi-
krama sdha deva. No date.
Sri Bhavdnl ; outside circle,
Sri in each corner (PI.
XXVIII, 11).
No. 5. RAJENDRA VIKRAMA, 1816-47 a.d.
2
3
4
5
I.M.
M
M
M
M
M
83
1-06
85-2
M
83-7
M
84-2
M
21-5
•75
Silver
Square, with openings
r. and 1. ; central circle
enclosing trident ; above
square, sun, moon, and Sri;
below 1738 (^aka = 1816
A.D.). Legend in square,
Srt irl Rdjendra vikrama
sdha deva; ornaments on
margin.
Similar; date 1742 =
1820 A.D.
Ditto; date 1745= 1823
A.D.
Ditto; date 1746 = 1824
A.D.
Temple with wreath in
centre. Legend, Sri sdm-
rdjya{so\exeignty) Lakshml
devt.
Central circle enclosing
dagger with wreath and
Sri Bhavdnl. Marginal le-
gend in ornaments, Sri irl
srl Qorakhandtha.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Humped bull r. Legend,
^rl irl Bhavdnl, 1749 (S. =
1827 A.D.; PI. XXVIII,
12).
No. 6. SURENDRA VIKRAMA, 1847 a.d.
2
3
I.M.
PJ
190-2
1-1
M
85-3
1-04
N
42-4
•81
Gold
Square, without open-
ings; sun, moon, and Sri
above ; lotus to 1. ; symbol
(?2/oni) tor.; 1794 ( = 1872
A. D.) below ; central circle
enclosing trident. Legend
in square, Sri irl Surendra
vikrama sdha deva.
Similar ; same date.
Central circle enclosing
trident ; in field legend,
Sri irl irl Surendra vi, sun,
moon, and flowers.
u a
Central circle containing
legend Sri 3 Bhavdnl ; mar-
ginal legend in ornaments,
^rl Gorakhandtha. In mint
condition ; the weight is
above the normal.
Similar; in mint con-
dition.
Dagger with wreath in
centre ; in field pellets and
legend, krama sdha deva ;
date 1790 (= 1868 a.d.);
in mint condition.
292
NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
Sorial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
4
I.M.
N
21-2
Temple between flowers
Central circle enclosing
•74
in centre ; in field legend,
&rl Sura raja Lakshml devi.
trident. Legend in field,
^r~i irl Bhavdni, 1790. In
mint condition (PL XXVIII,
13).
5
5>
N
10-8
Dagger in centre ; sun
Dagger in centre. Le-
•6
and moon above. Legend
in field, &rl Surendra vi.
gend in field, krama sdha
deva ; in fine condition (PI.
XXVIII, 14).
6
>5
N
10-3
•56
Similar.
Similar; in good con-
dition.
7
)>
N
5-3
•5
Ditto.
Ditto ; in mint condition
(PI. XXVIII, 15).
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
UI.
M
83-5
M
M
78.1
M4
M
83-8
M
M
85-2
1-07
JB.
84
M
M
41.8
.8
M
84-8
M
M
84-1
M
17
I.M.
JE
83-2
•97
JE
86-2
•92
Silver
Square with openings in
r. and 1. sides ; sun, moon,
and ^rl above; date 1771
(S. = 1849 A.D.) below;
ornaments at sides ; central
circle enclosing trident. Le-
gend in square, ^ri Sri Su-
rendra vikrama sdha deva.
Similar; date 1773 (^.
= 1851 A.D.).
Ditto; date 1775 (^. =
1853 A.D.).
Ditto; date 1780 {k =
1858 A.D.).
Ditto ; ditto.
Thunderbolt (vajra), or
it may be called a form of
trident, in centre between
two horizontal lines; pel-
lets. Legend, ^rl srl irl
Surendra vi.
As No. 8; date 1793 {k
= 1871 A.D.).
Ditto; date 1794 {k =
1872 A.D.).
Copper {bronze)
Square with out openings ;
ornaments on margin; date
below 1 787 (6.= 1 865 A.D.).
Legend in square, Sri irl
irl Surendra vikravia sdha
deva.
Similar; date 1790 =
1868 A. p.
Central circle enclosing
dagger with wreath, and
Srl 3 Bhavdni. Marginal
legend, Srl Srl Srl Go-
rakhandtha in ornaments.
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Two horizontal lines ;
pellets. Legend, krama
sdha deva; date 1787 (^.
= 1865 A. D.).
As No. 8.
Ditto.
Square without open-
ings; ornaments on margin.
Legend in square, ^rl Srl
Srl Nepal sarkdr, 'govern-
ment of Nepal ' ; good.
Similar; good.
PLATE XXVIII
NEPAL AND CHAMPARAN
PRITHVi ViRA VIKRAMA — MADANA SIMHA DEVA 293
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
S
ize
18
I.M.
M
82-7
• 92
Ditto; date 1791 = 1869
A. D.
Ditto ; fair.
19
M
84
•92
Ditto; date 1792 = 1870
A. D.
Ditto ; poor.
20
JE
86-5
•9
Ditto; date 1793 = 1871
A. D.
Ditto ; fair.
21
JE
74-7
•9
Ditto; date 1798 = 1876
A. D.
Ditto; poor.
22
M
85-1
•95
Ditto; date 1799 = 1877
A. D.
Ditto; ditto.
23
M
20
•52
«^n Nepal.
Sarkdr 93.
24
M
21
•52
Ditto.
Ditto. (These are called
phokaddms; Rodgers. They
seem to belong to reign of
Surendra vikrama.)
PRITHVi VIRA VIKRAMA, successor of Surendea vikrama.
[I have failed to obtain the dates.]
Silver
Central circle enclosing
dagger with wreath and
legend, Sri Bhavdni. Mar-
ginal legend in ornaments,
^ri iri Sri Gorakhandtha.
I.M. M 81^1 Square with openings on
1^02 r. and 1. sides; sun, moon,
and Sri in above ; orna-
ments at sides ; date below
1806 (^.= 1884 A.D.). Le-
gend in square, Sri iri
Prithvi mra vikrama sdha
deva.
CHAMPARAN
MADANA SIMHA DEVA, flor. 1450-60 a. d.
1
I.M.
2
>>
3
j>
M
68
•65
M
M
68-2
•65
70
•68
Copper {bronze)
Three-line legend cover-
ing surface, (1) Govinda-
[cha) (2) rana prana (3) va
(or -ya) Madana.
Similar.
Ditto.
Two-line legend covering
surface, (1) Sri Champa (2)
kdranye (PI. XXVIII, 16).
The legend means, ' In
Champaran, Madana, de-
voted to the feet of Govinda
(Krishna).'
Similar; fair.
Ditto ; poor.
Section XX
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER
KINGDOMS; ASSAM AND MINOR STATES
INTRODUCTION
It is unnecessary to discuss in this place the meagre data available
for the reconstruction of the ancient history of the kingdom of Kamarupa,
which corresponded roughly with the modern province of Assam (Asam).
The early rulers of the country have not left any numismatic memorials.
The modern history of Assam begins with the invasion of the Ahoms,
who are ' the descendants of those Shans who, under the leadership of
Chukapha, crossed the Patkoi [mountains] about 1228 A. D. (or just
about the time when Kublai Khan was establishing his power in China)
and entered the upper portion of the province, to which they have given
their name. The Ahoms were not apparently a very large tribe, and
they consequently took some time to consolidate their power in Upper
Assam. They were engaged for several hundred years in conflict with
the Chutiyas and Kacharis, and it was not till 1540 a. d. that they finally
overthrew the latter, and established their rule as far as the Kallang
[river near Gauhati]. . . . Subsequently the Koch kingdom [further
west] was divided into two parts, and as its power declined that of the
Ahoms increased, and the Rajas of Jaintia, Dimarua, and others, who
had formerly been feudatories of Biswa Singh, acknowledged the
suzerainty of the Ah5ms. The Musalmans on several occasions invaded
their country, but never succeeded in permanently annexing it. . . . In
1663 A.D. Mir Jumla invaded the country with a large army, and after
some fighting took the capital. [But difficulties ensued, which made]
him ' glad to patch up a peace. . . . The Ah5ms then took Gauhati and
. . . defeated another Musalman army. The Ah5ms were then [about
1670 A.D.] at the height of their power; all the minor rulers of the
country acknowledged their supremacy. . . . But even then the decline
was at hand. They had for some time hankered after Hinduism, and
the Rajas had for years been in the habit of taking a Hindu as well
as a Shan name. Eventually Rudra Singh, alias Chukrungpha, who
became king in 1695, [and is regarded by many as the greatest of all the
INTRODUCTION 295
Ah5m kings] resolved to make a pu-blic profession of Hinduism, . . . but
died in 1714 while still unconverted. His son, Sib Singh [Siva simha],
succeeded him, and became a disciple of Krishna-ram [the Sakta Gosain
of Nadia], In his reign the seeds of future dissensions were sown by the
persecution of the Moamarias, while the pride of race, which had hitherto
sustained the Ahoms, began to disappear. . . . Patriotic feeling soon
disappeared, and the country was filled with dissensions. . . . Captain
Welsh was deputed by Lord Cornwallis to help the King Gauri-nath
Singh, who was then being besieged at Gauhati, and with his aid he was
once more freed from his enemies. At this juncture Sir John Shore
succeeded to the Governor-Generalship, and one of his first acts was to
recall Welsh (1794 a.d.), after whose departure the country was given
again over to anarchy. The aid of the Burmese was then invoked
(1816 A. D.), and the latter remained in the country until 1824, when
they were driven out by our troops, and the country was annexed '
[early in 1825]. ^ An Ahom Raja however continued to exist for some
time longer, and in 1844 the last of the royal line did good service by
arranging for the publication of a history of his country, which had
always been careful to preserve its annals.
The foregoing summary of the history will serve, with little additional
explanation, to render intelligible the fine series of coins now catalogued.
A list of the Rajas will be found in Prinsep's Useful Tables, copied into
Dufl["8 Chronology of India, and corrected by Gait {Report on the
Progress of Historical Research in Assam, Shillong, Secretariat Printing
Ofiice, 1897). The blue-book last named gives complete references to
all publications on the subject of Assamese history, which has recently
been treated in detail by Mr. Gait in his work entitled A History of
Assam (Calcutta, Thacker Spink, 1905), which also deals with the
neighbouring minor states.
The initial syllable of the Shan names of the kings is generally given
as Ghu, but Babu Golap Chandra Barua, the Ahom translator, translite-
rates it as Su (^) in his account of the Ah5m coins (J. A . ;S'. B., Part I,
1895, p. 286, PI. XXVII). The six coins described by the Babu and
Mr. Gait are all included in this catalogue, with the addition of two
specimens of Supatpha or Gadadhar simha from the Indian Museum
cabinet. The earlier Rajas seem to have issued coins inscribed with
legends in the Ahom language and character only, but Raja Pramatha
simha, alias Sunenpha, used both Ahom and Sanskrit. The catalogue
includes one of his coins with Ahom and eight with Sanskrit legends.
The Ahom language, which is now almost extinct, is a member of the
group of Northern Shan (Sham or Tai) languages, and is written in
1 Grierson (quoting Gait), Linguistic Survey of India, vol. ii, p. 61, with additions in
brackets.
296 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
a peculiar character, ultimately derived from the Pali. In the work
above cited Dr. Grierson has supplied ample materials for the study of the
Ahom language and alphabet, but his vocabulary fails to include the
words in the coin legends. The readings of those legends in the catalogue
are given on the authority of Babii Golap Chandra Barua.
The coins of the dynasty are all octagonal, except a few of the
.smallest, which are circular or oval,' and certain square pieces struck by
Queen Pramathesvari and Rajesvara simha, which bear Persian legends.
Raj es vara sirhha also struck coins of the usual octagonal shape with
Persian legends. These Assamese coins with Persian legends, although
struck in considerable numbers, have become known only recently.^
The larger pieces are of thick, solid fabric, and are said to be of good
metal. Most of them are in silver, but some are gold. The legends are
well executed, and those in the Sanskrit language usually are inscribed
in the Bengali script. They are intensely devotional in expression, the
commonest formula describing the Raja as a bee feeding on the nectar
from the feet of Siva or some other deity of the Hindu pantheon.
Poetical words, such as aravinda for ' lotus ' and makaranda for ' nectar ',
are sometimes substituted for the more common equivalents kamala and
amrita. The Ahom legends of Supatpha or Gadadhar simha express
devotion to the tribal god Lendan, who was identified with the Hindu
Indra or Purandara. The legend on the coin of Suklenmuu represents
the Raja as praying to the Almighty (tdrd).
The coins, the heaviest of which weighs 176-7 grains, appear to be
intended for rupees of about 175 grains each, or for fractions of a rupee.
The smallest is a tiny silver piece of Gaurinatha, '22 inch in diameter,
and weighing only 4-2 grains ; but small as it is, the Raja's name is
distinctly legible (PI. XXIX, 8). The gold coins are struck to the same
weight standard as those in silver. Most of the coins are dated in the
Saka era, and some show the regnal year in addition.
The coinage of the minor states may be dismissed briefly. The small
principality of Jayantapura, now known as the Jaintia Parganas to the
north-east of the Sylhet District, was annexed in 1835 owing to the abduc-
tion of four British subjects for use as human sacrifices to Kali. Its rare
coinage is represented by four specimens in the Indian Museum (PI. XXIX,
13, 14), one of which is dated in 1630 Saka = 1708 A. d,, and the three others
are dated 1653 6. = 1731 a. d. One duplicate of the latter date has not
been catalogued. The coins are exceptionally broad, and bear legends
similar to those of the Assamese coinage. Mr. Gait has recorded that
* The prevailing sliape is supposed to have been suggested by a statement in the
Jogini Tantra which describes the Ahom country as octagonal (Gait, History, p. 97).
" Mr. H. N. Wright kindly examined the coins -with Persian legends, which were
received in May, 1906.
INTRODUCTION 297
' a number of new Jaintia coins were brought to light by Babu Giris
Chandra Das, Assistant Settlement Officer of Jaintia, and a collection
was made which has been presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
I The collection includes whole coins of Qaka 1591, 1592, 1630, 1653,
1696, 1704, 1707, and 1712 ; and quarter coins of Qaka 1653 and 1712 :
the quarter coins alone have the name of the kings who minted them,
viz. Bara Gosain and Ram sinha respectively. These coins have been
described (with a plate) in the /. A. S. B. for 1895, Part I, p. 242 '
■ju {Report, p. 4). The paper referred to, entitled ' Some Notes on Jaintia
P History', and chapter XI of Mr. Gait's History of Assam, give all the
information available on the subject. The A. S. B. collection described by
Mr. Gait has not been sent to me.
The Tipperah country (Tripura), which lies to the south of Sylhet
and the east of Dacca, is now in part a British District, and in part
a native state, known as Hill Tipperah. Mr. Gait {Report, p. 4) mentions
two coins of Tipperah, one of Govinda Manikya deva, dated Saka 1602,
the other of Dharma Manikya deva, dated 1636. The latter was presented
to the A. S. B. {Proc. 1895, p. 86), but has not come into my hands.
The specimen now catalogued, struck by Ramasirhha Manikya deva and
his consort Tara, is new, but similar to the coins previously known.
The reverse device is a grotesque lion with a trident on his back, and
the date is 1728 ^. = 1806 A. D.
The Manipur State, lying between Cachar and the Burmese frontier,
was deprived of its independence in 1891 on account of the massacre of
Mr. Quinton and his companions (Gait, History, p. 343). Some small
copper coins with ma on the obverse, and the reverse blank, are ascribed
to this State by Mr. Rodgers.
Chhota Udaipur is, I believe, part of Tipperah. The utterly barbarous
copper coins assigned to it by Mr. Rodgers are undecipherable to me. The
recent copper coins of the Sikim State to the north of Darjeeling are not
in any way remarkable.
CATALOGUE
ASSAM (ASAM)
S.Tial
No.
Mu30um
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
A. With legends in Ahom language and script; silver, octagonal
SUKLENMUN, 1539-52 a.d.
6
A.S.D.
M
177-3
•89
Five-line legend, ( 1 ) Chad
phd (2) ^uklen mu (3) n pin
chad (4) Idkni (5) j)lekni ;
meaning 'in the year plekni
(fifteenth year of Jovian
cycle of sixty years), in the
reign {pinchdo) of the great
[chad) king {phd) Suklen-
mun' = 1543 a.d. Dog
Four-line legend, (1) Kdo
(2) baij phd (3) tdrd (4) htu
chu ; meaning, * I (kdo) the
king (phd) offer {heu chu)
prayer(6a?y)tothe Almighty
(tdrd) {J. A. S. B., Part I,
1895, PI. XXVII, 1, with
rev. printed sideways).
running 1. below.
^UPATPHA, ALIAS GADADHAR SIMHA, 1681-95 a.d.
A.s.n.
I.M.
M 16G
•95
JR
M
M
Ai
171-2
•92
176-2
-89
165-8
-97
174
• 93
M 175-7
•95
Four-line legend, (l)CAay
^u (2) pdtphd pi (3) n khun
Idk (4) ni rdiidn ; * in the
year rdiidn (thirty-third
year of cycle = 1681 a.d.),
in the reign (pinkhun) of
the great (chdo) Supatpha.'
Trace of winged dragon
below.
Similar ; winged dragon
r. below.
Ditto ; no dragon.
Ditto ; winged dragon r.
below.
Ditto ; no dragon.
Ditto :
below.
winged dragon r.
Four-line legend, (1) fCdo
hay (2) phd len (3) dan heu
(4) chu; *I the king offer
prayer to Indra (len dan) '
(/. A.
2-5).
S. B., ut sup., Figs.
Similar ; bird r. above.
Ditto; winged monster
and bird to r.
Ditto; bird only r. be-
low.
Ditto ; winged monster
r. below, and (?) crown
with four points to 1. (PI.
XXIX, 1).
Ditto; bird r. in semi-
circle above.
SUNENPHA, ALIAS PRAMATHA SIMHA, 1744-51 a.d.
A.S.B.
M
176
-92
Four-line legend, ( 1 ) Chdo
.4u [2) neii phd pin [3) khun
Idkni (4) kdtked ; ' in the
year kdtktO (thirty-sixth
year of cycle = 1744 A.D.),
in the reign of the great
Siinenpha.' No animal.
Three-line legend, (1)
Kdo bay (2) phd len da (3)
n heu chu; ' I the king offer
prayer to Indra.* Winged
dragon 1. below. (For
Sanskrit coins of Pramatha
siijiha see jiost, p. 302.)
SUKLENMUN — RUBRA SIMHA
299
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
B. With legends in Sanskrit language and script ; octagonal,
excei^t two coins
SURGA (SVARGA) NARAYANA, alias PRATAPA SIMHA, alias
^USENPHA OR CHUCHENPHA, 1611-49 a.d.^
I.M.
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
I.M.
M
175-2
-82
Silver
Four-line legend, (1) Sri
hi Su (2) rga ndrdyana (3)
devasTja &dke (4) 1570;
' [coin J of His Majesty (de«a)
Surga narayana, 1648 A.D.'
Four-line legend, (1) Sri
irl Ha (2) ri Hara chara
(3) na pardya (4) nasya;
' intent on the feet of Ilari
and Hara (Vishnu and
^iva).' (P1.XXIX,'2;N.B.
the words charana and pa-
rdyana are spelt with the
dental n.)
M
175
.92
M
174-2
-9
M
174
•9
M.
172-5
-95
M
174-1
-91
M
176-7
.9
M
175-5
-9
M
176
-91
M
175
•93
M
174-8
•93
RUDRA SIMHA, 1696-1714 a. d.
Silver
Four-line legend, {}) &ri
irlmat (2) svarga deva Ru-
dra (3) Simhasya ^d (4)
ke 1618; '[coin] of Rudra
siriiha, a deity of heaven,
1696 A.D.' Winged dragon
r. below.
Similar; date 1620 =
1698 a.d.
Ditto; date 1621 = 1699
a.d.
Ditto; date 1622 = 1700
A.D.
Ditto; date 1623= 1701
A.D.
Ditto; date 1625=1703
A.D.
Ditto; date 1626=1704
A.D.
Ditto; date 1627= 1705
A.D.
Ditto; date 1630=1708
A.D.
Ditto; date 1631 = 1709
A.D.
Three-line legend, (1) ^rl
iri Ha (2) ra Gauri pa (3)
ddmrita madhu- (4) kara^
sya ; ' a bee on the nectar
of the feet of Hara and
Gaurl.'
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
1 These are the dates in Mr. Gait's Report, p. 3, where coins dated 1648 are cited ; but
in his History, p. 116, the same author follows the buranjis and aflSrms that Pratapa simha
died in 1641, The dates in the Report, which are based on the authority of the Assamese
historian Kaslnath, should be accepted rather than those of the buranjis. When Mr. Gait
{History, p. 102) avowed his preference for the latter, he forgot the testimony of the coins.
300
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
Strial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
11
12
13
14
15
16
3
4
5
6
IM.
IM.
I.M.
A\
175-8
-i)
M
173-9
•93
M
175
•9
M
174-3
-91
M
173-7
-88
M
86
• 65
As No. 1; date 1632 =
1710 A.D.
Ditto; date 1633 = 1711
A. D.
Ditto; date 1634=1712
A.D.
Ditto; date 1635 = 1713
A.D.
Ditto; date 1636=1714
A.D.
(1) Sri srl (2) Rudra si
(3) mhasya.
As No. 1.
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXIX, 3).
Ditto.
Ditto.
(1) Srl Srl (2) ^ivapada
(3) parasya ; no date.
6lVA SIMHA, 1714-44 a.d.^
Gold
N
ring
•55
M 175-8
•96
M
176-2
.96
M
174
-98
M
86-8
•65
Al
175
-9
{l)^rl Srl (2) Siva simha
(3) nripasya.
Silver
(1) &rl Srlmat (2) svarga
deva Si (3) va siihha nri-
pasya (4) ^dke 1639 ( =
1717A.D.). Winged dragon
r. below.
Similar; date 1641 =
1719 A.D.
Ditto; date 1643 = 1721
A.D.
(1) ^rl Srl ^i (2) va
simhasya (3) 24 (regnal
year =1737 A. d.).
^ake 1660; 25 ( = 1738
A. D., twenty-fifth regnal
year).
(1) ^rl Srl Hara (2) Gaurl
padd (3) mrita madhuka
(4) rasya; translation as
on coins of Rudra siiiih a.
Similar.
Ditto.
(1) ^rl Srl (2) ^iva pada
(3) parasya; '[coin] of Siva
siiiiba intent on the feet of
Siva.'
As No. 2.
i
As No. 2; date 1660 =
1738 A. D. ; regnal year
below, 25.
PHULESVARi, Queen of 6iva Simha, died 1731
Silver
I.M.
Ai
175
•96
(1) Srl Srl Siva (2) simha
nripa mahi (3) shl Srl Phu-
leSva (4) rl devydh.
(1) ^rl Srl Ha (2) ra
Gaurl pada (3) pardyand-
ydh (4) Sake 1646. Winged
dragon r. below ; ' [coin]
^ Raja Siva simha (Sib Singh, 1714-44), in order to evade the effect of an astrologer's
prediction, made over the insignia of sovereignty, including the right of coining, to his
successive wives ; first to Phule^varl, alias Pramathesvari, who struck coins in both
names, and died in 1731 a. d. ; secondly to her sister Deopadi, whose coins bear the name
of Ambika (died 1741) ; and, thirdly to Enadarl, who reigned and coined as Sarvesvarl.
But, as the catalogue shows, Siva simha also coined in his own name in 1737 and 1738 a.d.
See Gait, History qf Assam, p. 179.
J
SIVA SIMHA — AMBIKA
301
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
of queen Phulesvarl, con-
sort of king Siva siihlia,
intent on the feet of llara
and Gauri.'
2
l.M.
M 176
.92
Similar to No. 1.
Similar to No. 1 ; date
1647.
3
>>
M 175
•95
Ditto.
Ditto; date 1648.
PRAMATHE^VARl (same as Phulesvari), Queen of ^iya Simha
Gold
(1) ^rl ^i (2) [va sm]
ha (3) nripa.
Silver
As No. 1 ; legend com-
plete.
6
l.M.
l.M.
N
M
ring
•55
(1) -md in Pramathe (3)
iva . . 4.
43-4
.55
M
JR
M
M
175
.95
174-3
.95
87-8
•67
sq.
175-2
•75
As No. 1 of Phtilesvari,
substituting name Prama-
thesvari.
Ditto.
(1) Sri iri ^i (2) va simha
nripa (3) mahishl.
Persian legend sli
Shah Sheo Singh sikka zad
chU mihr ha hukin Begam
Pratnathesari Shah ; ' Shah
Sheo Singh, coin struck as
the sun by order of Queen
Pramathesari Shah.'
As No. 1 ; but two or
three characters are difficult
to read.
As on coin No. 1 of Phu-
lesvarl; date 1651 = 1729
a. d.
Ditto; date 1653=1731
A. D.
(1) ^ri Prama (2) the-
ivarl (3) devydh ; ' [coin]
of queen Pramathesvarl,
consort of king Siva simha.'
No date.
Persian legend, Maitna-
nat mantis san 15 julUs,
zarh Gargdon 1651; 'in
the year 1 5 of the fortunate
reign, struck at Gargaon,
1651' (6aka=1729 A. D.).
Dragon r. in 1. lower corner
{J. A. S. D., Part I, 1904,
Num. Suppl., p. 114, PI. II,
16. 143 specimens were
found at Gargaon in Sib-
sagar District, Assam).
AMBIKA, Queen of Siva Simha, died 1741 a. d
Silver
l.M. M 176-5 (1) ^ri iri ^iva (2) simha
•94 nripa udva (3) llabha Sri-
mad Ambi (4) kd devindth.
Dragon r. below.
As on coins No. 1 of
Phulesvarl and No. 3 of
Pramathesvarl ; date, Sake
1657, and (regnal year) 21
= 1735 A. D.
302
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
2
J.M.
& 176-3
•97
As No. 1.
As No. 1 ; date 1658 and
22 = 1736 A.D. The legend
means, ' [coin] of queen
Ambika, beloved of king
^iva siiiiha.*
SARVE^VARl, Queen of ^iva Simha, to 1744 a.d.
Silver
I.M.
JR
M
M
176
• 93
87
.69
175
•97
Legend as on coins of
Ambika, substituting name
Sarve^varl ; regnal year be-
low 25 {?).
(1) ^rl hi ^i {2)va simha
na (3) resvara.
Legend as No.
date 30.
1 ; regnal
(1) ^ri Sri Hara (2) Gauri
pada (3) parayandndm ;
date 1661 = 1739 A.D.
Dragon 1. below.
(1) udvalla (2) irl Sarve
(3) Svarl devlndrh, 25 ;
' [coin] of SarvesTarl, the
beloved queen of the lord
Siva simha.'
Legend as No. 1 ; date
1665 = 1743 A.D.
PRAMATHA SIMHA, alias ^unenpha (Chunenpha), 1744-51 a.d.
(See ante, p. 298.)
Gold
(1) ^rl hi Pra {2)matha
simhasya (3) nripasya.
I.M.
N
87.8
•67
e
8
I.M.
N
M
ring
.6
175-5
.95
M
M
M
M
M
175
•97
174-3
•99
174-2
1-0
43
-62
86-5
•68
(1) Sri hi Pra {2) matha
simha (3) nfipasya.
Silver
(1) Sri hi svarga {2)deva
Pramatha (3) simha nri-
pasya (4) ^ake 1667 (=
1745 A. D.).
Ditto; date 1668( = 1746
A. D.).
As No. 3; date 1669 =
1747 A.D.
Ditto; date 1670=1748
A.D.
{!) ^rl hi Pra (2) matha
simha (3) nripasya.
Ditto.
(1) ^rl hi (2) ^ivapada
{3)parasya; '[coin] of king
Pramatha intent on the feet
of Siva.' Lotus flower to
r. of line 1 (PI. XXIX, 4).
(1) ^dke (2) 1671 (=
1749 A. D.).
(1) ^rl hi Hara{2) Gaurl
charana (3) kamala madhU
(4) karasya ; * [coin] of the
deity of heaven, king Pra-
matha simha, a bee on the
lotus of the feet of liar a
and Gaurl.'
Ditto.
As No. 3.
Ditto.
(l).^aA:e (2) 1673 = 1751
A.D.
(1) &rl Sri (2) ^ivapada
(3) parasya.
SARVE^VARi — RAJE^VARA SIMHA
303
Obverse
Reverse
I.M.
I.M.
RAJE^VARA SIMHA, 1751-69 a. d.
Gold
N
N
M
44-2
•5
ring
•51
175
• 86
(1) ^rl sri Rd (2) jeSvara
sim (3) ha nripasya.
Ditto.
Silver
JR 43-2
•56
M 175-8
.88
M 175
•8
M
M
M
M
M
M
175
•9
43
•55
43-7
•5
43
•55
43-3
•54
175
.92
M 174.2
•88
M 175-3
-9
M 175
-95
JEi 175-5
•86
M 41
55
(1) Sri sri svarga (2)
deva iri Rdjeiva (3) ra
simha nripasya (4) Sake
1674 ( = 1752 A.D.). Dra-
gon 1. below.
(1) Sri irl Rd (2) jeivara
simha (3) nripasya.
As No. 3; date 1675 =
1753 A. D,
As No. 3; but date 1675,
and script Nagari, not Ben-
gali.
As No. 3; date 1678.
As No. 1.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
As No. 3; 1682.
Ditto; 1683.
Ditto; 1684.
Ditto; 1686.
Ditto; 1688.
As No. 4.
(l),^aA:e(2) 1677. Cres-
cent with pellet and parts
of lotus flowers (PI. XXIX,
5).
Similar; date 1678 =
1756 A. D.
(1) Sri Sri Hara (2) Gaurl
charana ka (3) mala maka-
randa (4) madhukarasya ;
' [coin] of the deity of
heaven, king Rajesvara
simha, a bee on the nectar
of the lotus of the feet of
Hara and Gaurl.'
Sake 1674.
As No. 3.
Ditto ; substituting Md-
heSvarl for Hara -Gaurl.
Dragon 1. below (PI. XXIX,
6).
As No. 3.
Sake 1678.
Sake 1679.
Sake 1680.
Sdke 1681.
As No. 3.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Sdke 1689.
304 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
18
19
20
21
22
I.M.
Ai
175-5
-88
M
86
-66
M
10-8
-32
M
sq.
174
•8
M
oct.
172
.88
As No. 3; 1690.
As No. 4.
(1) ^rl Rd {2)jeivara.
Persian legend, read from
below, Sri Rdjeshar Singh
zad In 'dlampandh sikka-i-
sultdn chu khurshed [wa]
mdh ; ' This world-protect-
ing Rajeshar Singh struck
the Sultan's coin like sun
[and] moon.'
Same legend.
As No. 3.
(1) Sri irl Si (2) vapada
para (3) yanasya; '[coin]
of king Rajeivara simha
devoted to the feet of Siva.'
No date.
(1) Simha (2) nripasya.
No date.
Persian legend, Zarb
Rangpur san julus maima-
nat mdnUs 1674 (Saka
= 1752 A. D.) ; 'struck at
Rangpur, in the year of the
fortunate reign 1674.' The
regnal year is not stated.
Raje^vara simha had a
palace at Rangpur near
Sibsagar (Gait, History, p.
180).
Same legend, but date
1685 = 1763 A.D.
I.M.
3
4
5
6
7
I.M.
N
LAKSHMi SIMHA, 1769-80 a.d.
Gold
40-3
.5
M
174-8
•9
M
44
-55
Al
175-8
•9
M
175
-9
Ai
175-7
•95
Ai
44
•53
(1) ^rl hi La (2) kshml
simha (3) nripasya.
Silver
( 1 ) ^rl hi svarga (2)deva
Lakshml (3) simha nripa-
sija (4) ^dke 1692. Dragon
r. below.
As No. 1.
As No. 2; 1693.
Ditto; 1695.
Ditto; 1696.
As No. 1.
(l)^a^e (2) 1692 = 1770
A.D.
(1) ^rl irl Hara {2) Gaurl
charandra (3) vinda maka-
randa (4) viadhiikarasya ;
* [coin] of the deity of hea-
ven, king Lakshml siiiiha,
a bee on the nectar of the
lotus of the feet of Kara
and Gaurl.'
As No. 1 ; same date.
As No. 2.
Ditto.
Ditto.
As No. 1 ; 1696.
LAKSHMi SIMHA — GAURINATHA SIMHA
305
Serial
No
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
i.1 v^«
3ize
8
I.M.
M
175
-93
As No. 2; 1697.
As No. 2.
9
M
44-3
•55
As No. 1.
As No. 1 ; 1697.
10
M
175
-9
174-4
As No. 2; 1698.
As No. 2.
11
M
Ditto; 1700.
Ditto.
•97
12
M
43-2
•6
44-2
As No. 1.
As No. 1; 1701.
13
M
Ditto.
Ditto; 1702.
-55
14
M
79-3
•69
Ditto.
(1) ^rl in Ha (2) ra
Gauri pa (3) da parasya ;
' [coin] of king Lakshmi
simha intent on the feet of
Hara and Gaurl.'
15
>>
M
72-6
•7
84-8
Ditto.
Ditto ; a thin coin.
16
55
M
Ditto.
Ditto.
-65
17
55
M
22-6
-44
(1) ^rl irl La (2) kshmi.
(1) simha (2) nripasya.
18
55
M
10-7
-32
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXIX, 7).
I.M.
I.M.
GAURINATHA SIMHA, 1780-95 a. d
Gold
(l) Sri irl svarga{2)deva
Gaurlnd (3) tha simha nri-
pasya (4) ^dke 171 (?).
Dragon r. below.
AT
173-3
•9
N
85
-65
M
175-8
-93
M
44-5
-6
M
174
-95
(1) ^rl iri Gau (2) ri
ndtha si (3) mha nripasya.
Silver-
As 'No. 1; 1703.
As No. 2.
As No. 3; 1705.
X
(1) ^rl hi Hara (2) Gaurl
charana ka (3) mala maka-
randa (4) madhUkarasya ;
' [coin] of the deity of
heaven, king Gaurlnatha
simha, a bee on the nectar
of the lotus of the feet of
Hara and Gauri.*
(1) ^rl srl Ha (2) ra
Gaurl pa (3) da parasya ;
' [coin] of king Gaurlnatha
simha, intent on the feet
of Hara and Gaurl.'
As No. 1, substituting
the synonym aravinda for
kamala.
(1) ^dke (2) 1703.
As No. 3.
306 THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
Serial
No.
Museum
Motal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
Size
6
I.M.
M
174
As No. 3; 1706; regnal
{l)^rl Sri IIa{2) ra Gauri
-97
date 5 in lieu of dragon.
pa (3) damrita madhu (4)
karasya ; translation as on
No. 3, omitting 'of the
lotus '.
7
;»
M
43
(1) ^rl Sri Gau (2) rl
(1) ^dke (2) 1706; (3)
•6
natha sim (3) ha nripasya.
5 (regnal year).
8
V
M
175
-97
As No. 3; 1707.'
As No. 1.
0
5?
Al
174
•87
Ditto; 1708.
Ditto.
10
>>
M
44
-58
As No. 2.
(\)^dke; (2) 1708.
11
55
M
173-2
•85
174-4
As No. 3; 1709.
As No. 1.
12
55
M
Ditto; 171 (?).
Ditto.
•94
13
55
M
175-2
•95
86-8
Ditto; 1716.
Ditto.
14
M
As No. 2.
As No. 2.
•72
15
55
M
83-7
•67
Ditto.
Ditto.
16
!5
JR
21^5
•5
(1) ^rl irl Gau (2) rl
ndtha.
(1) sirhha (2) nripasya.
17
55
M
22
•45
Ditto.
Ditto.
18
55
M
cir-
(1) ^rl (2) Gau.
(1) rl nd (2) thasya ; a
cular 4-2
(?) fortieth part of a rupee
•22
(PI. XXIX, 8).
BHARATHA SIMHA, Raja of Ranqpur, 1792-3 a. d. and
AGAIN 1797 A.D.
I.M.
M
175-5
-95
M
174-5
•87
Silver
Four-line legend, (1) ^rl
Sri Bhagddatta (2) kulo-
dvara Srt Bha (3) rat ha
sirhha nripasya (4) Sake
1714.' Dragon r. below.
Ditto; date 1719 = 1797
A.D.
Four-line legend, (1) <^rl
Sri Krishna charandravinda
makaranda pramada ma-
dhilkarasya; '[coin] of king
Bharatha simha of the ex-
cellent lineage of Bhaga-
datta, intoxicated with the
nectar of the lotus of the
feet of Krishna, ^caka 1714'
= 1792-3 A.D. (PI. XXIX,
9).
Ditto.
f
» For legends of Bhagadatta (Bhagdatta) see Gait, History, pp. 13, 27, 29.
BHARATHA SIMHA — JAYANTAPURA
30r
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
KAMALESVARA SIMHA, ok Kinnaram, 1795-1810 a.d.
Silver
I.M. /R 87-3 Three-line legend, (l),^ri Three-line legend, (l)^n
•65 irl Ka (2) maleivara si (3) irl Ha (2) ra Gaurl chara
rhha nripasya. (3) na parasya ; ' [coin] of
king Kamalesvara simha,
devoted to the feet of Hara
and Gauri ' (PI. XXIX, 10).
CHANDRAKANTA SIMHA NARENDRA, 1810-18 a. d., restored
NOMINALLY IN 1819
I.M.
M oval
5-6
.3X-25
Silver
Two-line legend, (1) ^rt
Cha (2) ndra.
Two-line legend, (1)
Kdnta (2) sya (PI. XXIX,
11).
BRAJNATHA SIMHA, Feb., 1818 a. d., temporary
IJI.
M 175
•94
J>
M 174-7
•9
Silver
Four-line legend, {I) Sri
srl svarga (2) deva in
Brajnd (3) tha simha nri-
pasya (4) ^dke 1739.
Ditto; date 1740.
Four-line legend, (1) Sri
irl Rddhd (2) Krishna cha-
rana ka{3)malamakaranda
(4) madhUkarasya ; ' [coin]
of the deity of heaven, king
Brajnatha simha, a bee on
the nectar of the lotus of
the feet of Radha and
Krishna, ^aka 1739 ' =
1818 A.D. (PI. XXIX, 12).
Ditto; 1740 ^. = 1818
A.D.
MINOR STATES
I. JAYAl^TAPURA
I.M.
M
150
M2
ANONYMOUS COINS
Silver
Four-line legend in circle
with broad dotted margin,
(1) ^rl irl Ja {2) yantd-
pura Pu (3) randarasya Sd
(4) ke 1630. Horizontal
line above date.
X %
Four-line legend in circle
with broad dotted margin,
(1) &rl hi ^i (2) va cha-
rana ka (3) mala madhuka
(4) rasya; '[coin] of the
Purandara [= Indra] of
Jayantapura, a bee on the
308
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
lotus of the feet of Siva,
6aka 1630' = 1708 A.D.
Crescent in upper margin ;
six-pointed star at end of
legend ; sword to r, of le-
gend. (PI. XXIX, 13:
J. A. S. B., Part I, 1895,
PI. XXIV, 10; probably
in reign of Rama siihha.)
2
I.M.
M 150-8
Similar to No. 1 ; date
Similar ; probably be-
1-2
1653 ^. = 1731 A.D.
longs to first year of reign
of Bara Gusain.
3
>>
M 148
1-22
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
4
5?
M 117
1-2
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; ditto (PI. XXIX,
14).
1
2
3
4
I.M.
JE
JE
12-3
•4
10-8
•37
10-6
• 33
10
•35
II. MANIPUR
Copper
ANONYMOUS
Md in raised letters in
incuse.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Blank (PI. XXIX, 15;
Rogders, Part III, p. 118).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
III. TIPPERAH (TRIPURA)
RAMA SIMHA MANIKYA, 1806 a.d.
UI.
M
162-3
1-02
Silver
Ornaments on margin :
five-line legend in square,
(1) Siva Durgd pade (2)
irl Sri yuta Rama \z)samha
[for siihha'^ mdnikya (4)
deva Srlmati Td (5) rd
tnahddevl ; ' at the foot of
Siva and Durga, devoted
to Sri, Rama siihha mani-
kya deva [and] queen {ma-
hddevi) Tara.*
Grotesque lion standing
1. with off fore-foot raised ;
trident on his back ; four-
rayed star in front and be-
hind ; below -^aA:e 1728 =
1806 A.D. (PI. XXIX, 16).
PLATE XXIX
2 ^'^--*— ' /R
]?^i^ii^
THE NORTH EASTERN FRONTIER KINGDOMS
ASSAM. JAYANTAPUR, MANIPUR, TiPPERAH
CHHOTA UDAIPUR. SIKIM
/
i
MANIPUR — SIKIM
309
Obverse
Keverse
i
IV. CHHOTA UDAIPUR (Rodgers, Part III, p. 119)
Copper
NAME NOT DECIPHERED
Two-line legend not read.
2
3
4
l.M.
JE
217
1-2
It
M
207
1-0
j>
M
115
•92
>»
M
•95
l.M.
M
M
79-2
•84
64-3
•9
Horizontal line across
centre ; above characters
not read ; below date not
read.
Similar ; less distinct.
Similar ; date seems to
be 1 787 (6aka= 1865 A.D.).
Similar ; date not read.
V. SIKIM
Copper
(?) ANONYMOUS
Three-line legend in
square, (1) ^rl srl iri (2)
sinimpati (3) mdhd raja.
Date below seems to be
1840. {Sinimjyati (?) for
senapati, ' general.')
Three-line legend in
square, (1) Srl hi Srl (2)
Sikim . . (3) tibutd rdjd.
Similar.
Similar (PI. XXIX, 17).
Similar.
Three-line legend in
square, (1) ^rt Srl Srl (2)
Sikim (3) sarkdr, ' the go-
vernment of Sikim.'
Ditto (PI. XXIX, 18).
Section XXI
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA,
EXCLUDING YIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE
INTRODUCTION
The metric system of Southern India appears to be based upon the
weights of two kinds of seeds, the manjadi {Aclenanthera pavonina),
averaging about five grains Troy, and the kalanju, ' Molucca bean ' or
' bonduc nut ' {Caesalpinia bonduc, Guilandina bonducella), which was
considered as equivalent to ten manjadis. The rati seed {Ahrus pre-
catorius), the base of the metric system of Northern India, was not
used in the south in early times, but in practice the kalanju weight did
not differ widely from the northern standard of 32 ratis, to which the
punch-marked silver coins {ante, Sect. V) were struck. These punch-
marked coins, which occur all over India, north and south, have been
considered in Section V with reference to the whole country. The
southern specimens may be regarded as roughly equivalent to a kalanju.
Large classes of ancient thin, flat coins, such as are described in
Loventhal's little book, The Coins of Tinnevelly (Madras, Higginbotham
& Co., 1888), are found in the peninsular region, but, not being repre-
sented in the Indian Museum or Asiatic Society of Bengal cabinets, may
be passed over with this allusion.
The most characteristic southern coinage is that in gold of small
pieces known as fanams, equivalent in weight to maiijddi seeds, and
of larger pieces known as huns, vardhas, or pagodas, ten times the
weight of the fanam, and equivalent to kalanju seeds.
The fanam is a tiny, thin, circular die-struck coin, and I do not
know whether it was an independent Dravidian invention or was
derived from some foreign model. The pagoda (hun or vardha) was
developed independently, like the early Lydian coins, from a globule
or spherule of gold. The earliest examples, of uncertain date, are
either quite plain or have a faint punch-mark in the centre. Specimens
of these early coins are catalogued under the sub-head ' Early Anonymous,
blank or nearly blank '. Gradually, as in Greece, the globule was
INTRODUCTION 311
flattened, and became an ordinary die-struck coin. Pagodas continued
to be struck until 1819. In 1835 the special southern currencies were
superseded by the imperial rupee coinage. The reader will find the
numismatic history of the south, so far as it is known, worked out in
Elliot's Coins of Southern India (Intern. Num. Or., 1885) ; Tufnell's
Hints to Coin Collectors in Southern India (Madras, Higginbotham
& Co., 1889) ; Loventhal's work already cited ; Dr. Bidie's article, ' The
Pagoda or Varaha Coins of Southern India ' (/. A. S. B., Part I, 1883,
p. 33) ; and Mr. Thurston's catalogues of coins in the Madras Museum,
especially the volume entitled History of the Coinage of the Territories
of the East India Company in the Indian Peninsula (Madras, Govern-
ment Press, 1890).
The curious cup-shaped pieces known as padma tankas, or ' lotus-
coins ', are heavier than the pagoda, averaging about 58 grains each.
Their peculiar form connects them with the coinage of the Western
Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, but their date cannot be determined
with accuracy. The gold coins of Jagadekamalla of that dynasty, either
J. I (1018-42 A.D.) or J. II (1138-49 A.D.), are now published for the
first time (PI. XXX, 2, 3).
The base silver coins of Vishamasiddhi or Kubj a- Vishnu vardhana,
the first king of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi (615-33 a. d.),
although described by Dr. Hultzsch, have not been figured previously
so far as I know (PL XXX, 1). The strange broad, thin punch-marked
gold coinage of the same dynasty in the eleventh century, which has
been known for many years, is represented in the catalogue by a single
coin of Saktivarman or Chalukya chandra.
Two of the rare coins of the Kadamba chiefs of Goa in the twelfth
century, one gold and one silver, are catalogued, but unluckily the
king's name cannot be read completely on either (PI. XXX, 5, 6).
The Ganga dynasty of Kalinga is represented by eight gold fanams
(PL XXX, 7) issued by Anantavarma Chodaganga (1075-1146 a.d.). The
capital of this dynasty was at Kalinganagara, the modern Mukhalingam
in the Ganjam District (Ejx Ind., iv. 188 ; Ind. Ant, xxv, p. 322).
The specimens of the coinage of the Hindu state of Travancore
(PL XXX, 8-15) are all modern, the oldest not being earlier than the
eighteenth century. The silver chakrara is of the same weight as the
gold fanam, between five and six grains. The copper kdsu or ' cash ',
weighing nearly ten grains, represents the cowrie of Bengal, and was
valued as the eightieth part of the gold fanam (C. S. /., pp. 59, 139).
The recent coins of Travancore copy English models.
The representation in the Museum of the Indo-Portuguese, Indo-
French, and early Anglo-Indian coinage is so fragmentary that it would
be out of place here to go into any detail on the subject. Generally
312
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
speaking, the collection of southern coins now catalogued is miserably
imperfect, and wholly unworthy of an imperial museum.
For convenience the coins of Vijayanagar and Mysore are treated
in a separate section ; but, excepting those of the Muhammadan dynasty,
they follow the ordinary southern types of pagoda and fanam.
The southern coinage, as a whole, is of far less interest and
historical value than the northern, the most characteristic kinds rarely
being inscribed or dated. No adequate work on the subject exists, the
publications cited above all being imperfect in one way or another.
Sir Walter Elliot's work, The Coins of Southern Imdia, is the most
important, and gives the best general view.
The history of the Chalukya and other dynasties of the Deccan and
Peninsula will be found in Fleet's Kanarese Dynasties (2nd ed., Bomb.
Gaz., vol. i, Part II). The Chalukyan coins are not struck to the
southern scale of weights. The gold coins seem to be intended for
drachmas, and the coins of the Kadamba chiefs of Goa may be struck to
the same weight standard. The Ganga king of Kalinga and Orissa,
Anantavarma Chodaganga, who reigned from 1075-1146 A. D., issued
heavy gold fanams, weighing between seven and eight grains each. The
specimens in the Museum formed a necklace or similar ornament.
CATALOGUE '
I. THE EASTERN CHALUKYA DYNASTY OF
VENGI {Ind. Ant, xx. 94)
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
VISHAMASIDDHI, alias KUBJ A- VISHNU VARDHANA, 615-33 a.d.
A.S.B.
Ai
base
50
•61
'>
Ai
base
44-5
•63
Base silver
Within dotted border, a
rude lion r.; above, Telugu
legend, Vishamasiddhi,^ suc-
cessful in scaling the in-
accessible places.'
Similar.
Within a border of rays,
a double trident, sur-
mounted by a crescent, and
flanked by two lamps (PI.
XXX, 1 ; Hultzsch, Ind.
Ant., XXV. 322).
Similar ; in poor con-
dition.
^ Special abbreviations in this section are B. = Bidie, ' The Pagoda or Varaha coins of
Southern India ' {J. A. S. B., Part I, 1883, p. 33) ; Th. = Thurston, Catalogues (if Coins in the
Madras Museum ; Tu. =Tufnell, Hints to Coin Collectors »i Southern India.
VISHAMASIDDHI — JAGADEKAMALLA
313
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Obverse
Reverse
Size
3
I.M.
M base
45-3
•7
Ditto.
Ditto.
4
)>
M base,
broken
•67
Ditto.
Ditto.
5
j>
M base
32-5
•58
Ditto.
Ditto.
SAKTIVARMAN, or CHALUKYA CHANDRA, about 1000-12 a. d.
Gold
A.S.B.
AT
65-5
1-22
In centre the Chalukyan
badge, a boar standing r.,
surmounted by umbrella,
with a chauri, or fly- whisk
on each side. Marginal
legend in large repousseOld
Kanarese characters, Sri
Chdlukya sa 13; i.e. year
13 of reign.
Blank. The coin is a
thin plate, with the device
and letters punched in from
rev. (Fleet, Ind. Ant., xix,
p. 79, Plate, Figs. A, B,
C ; reading corrected by
Hultzsch, ibid., xxv, p.
321, n. 14;
III, 79).
G.S.I., PI.
II. THE WESTERN CHALUKYA DYNASTY
OF KALYANI^
Gold
JAGADEKAMALLA, either (I), alias JAYASIMHA II (flor.
1018-42 A.D.), OR (II), alias PERMA (flor. 1138-49 a. d.)
I.M.
A.S.B.
M
68
M
M
67-3
1-03
Concave, in shallow cup-
shape ; temple in centre
with Kanarese legend on
the basement, Jagadeka-
mala (for malla), ' the sole
wrestler (champion) of the
world.' On margin in
characters formed by sepa-
rate punches, orl three times,
and Jagadekamala four
times.
Similar.
Blank (PI. XXX, 2).
Ditto ; presented by the
Bombay Government (PI.
XXX, 3).
1 Kalyani in the Nizam's Dominions (N. lat. 17" 51', E. long. 77°), the ancient Kalyana
or Kalyanapura (Fleet, Kanarese Dynasties, 2nd ed., p. 427, in Bomh. Gas., vol. i, Part II).
314
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
ANONYMOUS, (?) CHALUKYA
IM.
M
base
53-5
•9
Cup-shaped ; in centre
Hanuman ; on margin Ha
four times, with symbols,
(?j solar, interposed.
Blank (PI. XXX, 4 ; this
may be only a piece for
temple offerings, not a true
coin, see C. S. I., p. 99).
III. THE KADAMBA CHIEFS OF GOA
Gold
(?)JAYAKESIN m, 1187— ABOUT 1212 a.d.
I.M.
N
67-8
•72
In circle surrounded by
border of dots, five-line
Nagarl legend, (1) ^rl Sap-
tako- (2) tiivara lahdha
vara (3) . . A;e . . . . (5)
. . . . , meaning that the
Raja ' obtained boons from
Saptakotlsvara ' or Siva.
Silver
Heraldic - looking lion
standing 1. ; sun and moon
above ; legend jana or
jdna (Fleet) in front, which
ought to be, but is not, the
name of a year of the
Jovian cycle. (PI. XXX,
5 ; comp.
68-71.)
C. S. /., PI. II,
(?) VISHNU CHITTA-DEVA, 1147— about 1185 a.d.
I.M.
M
37-8
.68
In square with marginal
ornaments, three-line le-
gend, (1) Saiaka gu (2)
. . chi (3) tta devah. (The
name ends in chitta-devah,
but the first part is ob-
scure.)
In circle surrounded by
border of dots, a rampant
lion 1. ; sun and moon
above; and below characters
which probably are the
name of the Jovian year
(PI. XXX, 6).^
I
IV. THE GANGA DYNASTY OF KALINGA
ANANTAVARMA CHODAGANGA, 1075-1146 a.d.
Gold fanams
2
UI.
A.S.B.
I.M.
N loop
attached
•45
A'' loop
attached
• 42
N loop
attached
• 41
Telugu regnal date,
namely, Sa\mvat] above,
figure ' 4 ' below.
Similar; Sa 5.
Ditto; Sa 13.
Recumbent bull r. ; sym-
bols above and in front.
Similar.
Similar.
' No. 1 was submitted to Dr. Fleet, and both coins were examined by Dr. Ilultzsch,
but tbe king's name bas not been deciphered fully on either. Both pieces seem to belong
to the Goa series. For list of the Kadamba rulers of Goa see Fleet, Kan. Dynasties, 2nd ed.,
p. 565.
ANONYMOUS — TRAVANCORE STATE
315
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
4
IJL
5
>>
6
A.S.B.
7
I.M.
8
5J
8a
!>
8b
)>
N loop
attached
•4
iV 7-7
•42
^ loop
attached
•4
iV loop
attached
•43
N loop
attached
•44
iV loop
attached
•52
N loop
attached
•53
Ditto; Sa 15; traces of
legend above, read by
Hoernle as Sri Ga\m\ga.
Ditto; Sa 31.
Ditto; Sa 31.
Ditto ; Sa 33.
Ditto ; Sa 34.
Figure of Hanuman
(' anthropoid Garuda,'
Hoernle) repousse.
Lotus, repousse.
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXX, 7).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Blank.
Ditto. (Nos. 8 a and 8&
are not coins, but orna-
ments made to match the
coins in order to complete
the necklace.)
V. TRAVANCORE STATE
Gold fananis, of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
1
IJL
N
5^8
•38
Dagger.
2
)>
N
6-1
•35
Twelve pellets and lines.
3
)j
N
6
• 32
Similar.
4
))
N
6
•28
Crescent with twelve pel-
lets above ; characters be-
low ; all in dotted border.
5
)>
N
6
•3
5-6
• 3
5-8
Similar.
6
3)
N
Twelve pellets and lines.
7
)>
N
Twelve pellets and sym-
•3
bol.
8
))
N
6
•34
Twelve pellets, and cha-
racters, (?) Sri.
9
„
N
6
•3
Similar.
Heart-shaped device,
containing twelve pellets ;
crescent above (Pi. XXX,
8).
Twelve pellets and lines.
Similar.
Nandipada symbol, en-
closing eight pellets, with
incomplete double circle
below (PI. XXX, 9).
Similar.
Twelve pellets and sym-
bol.
Variety of nandipada
symbol, with pellets.
Nandipada symbol with
eight pellets ; square be-
low.
Similar.
316
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial
No.
10
1
2
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
I.M.
N base
5
•25
Obverse
Reverse
A kind of dagger, and
other marks.
Characters, not read (PI.
XXX, 10).
Silver chakrams, half-chakrams, double and treble chakrams,
of same period as the gold fanarns
1
I.M.
2
>>
3
)5
4
)>
5
5>
6
>?
7
5»
8
■>■>
9
5>
10
J>
11
)>
M
M
M
5-5
•28
6
•22
6-1
•25
5
• 25
5
•25
5-6
•25
3
•2
3
•2
11-5
•32
11-5
•32
16
•4
Curved line and two
pellets.
Ditto ; probably intend-
ed for iankh shell.
Similar.
Curved lines and pellets.
Curved and straight
lines.
Similar.
M
Similar ; but not quite
the same.
Ditto; ditto.
Similar.
Ditto.
M
M
Curved line, twelve pel-
lets, three-leaved spray.
Shell and pellets.
Ditto.
Nandipada symbol (PL
XXX, 11).
' Solomon's seal ' device,
namely two equilateral tri-
angles interlaced.
Ditto.
M
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto ; and Malayalim
legend (PI. XXX, 12).
Ditto ; ditto.
M
Shell and crescent.
Curved object andtwelve
pellets ; a treble chakram.
Silver two-anna pieces, of English fashion
RAJA RAMA VARMA, either 1860-80 a.d. or 1880-(?) ^
I.M.
M 23-7
•6
M. 23-5
•6
The English letters R. V.
in wreath.
Ditto.
Wreath ; (?) numeral in
centre (PI. XXX, 13).
Ditto.
Copper * cash ' (Kdsu), and multiples of the same
1
I.M.
2
3
4
5
9-8
•3
10
•3
9-8
•3
19-6
•4
Four-armed god (Vishnu
or Krishna).
Ditto. '
'Solomon's seal' in rayed
circle.
Ditto.
JE
Ditto.
Ditto.
JE
Ditto ; Malayalim figure
2 below.
Ditto.
JE
40-1
•55
Ditto ; Malayalim figure
4 below.
Ditto (a duddu).
* List of the Travancore sovereigns in C, S. I., p. 140.
RAJA RAMA YAUMA — PADMA TANK AS
317
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
6
I.M.
M 80-2
•65
Spiny murex shell. Ma-
layalim marginal legend,
Ara chakram, ' half a cha-
kram.'
Ditto {a tuttw, PI. XXX,
14; seeC. S. /.,p. 139 and
No. 197).
2
8
Modern gold coins ; rudely milled edge ; no name
I.M.
Af
N
N
79
•76
39-5
• 62
19-5
•5
Shell in wreath.
Ditto.
Ditto.
In wreath, three-line
Malayalim legend, (1) ^rl
(2) padma (3) ndbha, ' lotus
in navel,' scil. Vishnu.
Ditto.
Ditto (PI. XXX, 15).
VI.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.31.
I.M.
EARLY ANONYMOUS COINS OF
SOUTHERN INDIA
Gold
A. BLANK OR NEARLY BLANK
N
N
N
M
AT
Af
N
N
52-4
.44
51-9
•46
51-4
.4
52
•37
51-5
•37
51-5
•45
51
• 44
50-5
•47
Flattened globule, with
slight protuberance.
Similar.
Ditto.
Similar ; faint punch-
mark in centre.
Similar ; with a scroll-
like mark, perhaps a shell.
Similar ; with obscure
marks, perhaps indicating
a seated figure.
Similar to No. 6.
Seated figure obscurely
indicated.
As obv.
Similar.
Ditto.
Slight protuberance,
blank (B., p. 37, PI. I, Fig.
1 ; ' probably belongs to
first or second century of
the Christian era ').
Indentations in centre
(PI. XXX, 16).
As Nos. 1-4.
Faint traces of (?) legend.
Uncertain marks.
B. PADMA TANK AS or LOTUS PIECES ^
58-7
•73
Concave, cup-shaped ;
seven-petalled lotus flower
on bottom of cup ; on the
sides obscure symbols and
Blank.
1 Date uncertain, but considerably later than the fifth or sixth century, to which
Elliot assigned these coins (C. S. I., p. 66). See /. C, sect. 131.
318
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial
Metal,
No.
Museum
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
legend, ^ri irl Rama, in a
form of Nagarl script : a
two-pronged weapon below
the legend ^rl Rama.
2
IJI.
A^ 58
•7
Similar. Legend, ^n
Rama, with a weapon be-
low it.
Ditto.
3
))
AT 58
•66
Similar, but the weapon
is a sword.
Ditto (PI. XXX,
17).
4
)>
N 58
•75
As No. 3.
As No. 3.
5
j>
N 59-2
•68
Ditto.
Ditto.
6
>5
N 58-7
.62X-55
Similar ; no legend ;
worn.
Ditto.
a GAJAPATI OR ELEPHANT PAGODA, (?) of Orissa,
(?) THIRTEENTH CENTURY
l.M.
N
57-5
•52
Elephant standing r. ;
symbol or character in front
of him.
A scroll device, possibly
intended either for foliage
or a peacock's tail (PI.
XXX, 18).^
I). The so-called LINGAYAT PAGODA, (?) fourteenth century'
IM.
N
N
base
5L3
•45
base
27
•35
Obscure device, a heart-
shaped figure with project-
ing lines and pellet.
Similar ; (?) snake on the
heart-shaped object.
Obscure ; in bad con-
dition.
Ditto ; ditto ; a half-
pagoda.
*
LM.
VII. INDO-EUROPEAN
1 . Indo-Portuguese
Reign of DONNA MARIA I, 1777-99 a.d.
Oold
N
75
•82
N
75
•75
The arms of Portugal.
Similar.
Cross of St. Thomas ; in
1. upper angle 12; in r.
upper angle X ; in lower
angles 17 and 85 (Th., No.
18 of Portuguese Catal.;
Tu., p. 40, PI. Ill, 38).
Similar ; less well pre-
served, unit of date un-
certain.
* B., p. 40. These coins are frequently forged, but I do not see any special reason to
doubt the genuineness of this specimen.
' B., p. 40.
GAJAPATI PAGODA— EAST INDIA COMPANY 319
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Keverse
2. Indo-French of Pondicherry
I.M.
M 22-7
•43X-36
Three fleurs-de-lis.
Obscure device, (?) crown
(Tu., p. 44, Fig. 45).
3. Anglo-Indian
CHAKLES II, 1660-85 a.d.
Silver
Standing deity (Vishnu).
(PI. XXX, 19; Th., E.i.C.
Catal.,p. 109, PI. XI, 11.)
Similar.
Similar, but thicker.
Ditto ; ditto.
Similar to obv. (Attribu-
tion doubtful; PI. XXX,
20.)
EAST INDIA COMPANY, and possibly other Powers
Gold
' Star pagoda' type
Standing Vishnu, star
I.M.
M
29-3
•38
Two linked C's.
5?
M
28-4
4
Similar.
)>
M
28-1
•35
Similar.
)>
M
14-6
•3
Similar.
Copper
I.M.
M
65-5
Two C's not linked; traces
•72
of vernacular legend not
read.
I.3I.
N
52-8
•4
M
106-8
•87
I.M.
N
Af
106-8
-87
above head.
Vishnu seated cross-
legged on pedestal ; r. hand
on r. knee ; 1. hand on ab-
domen ; star above head ;
oblique milling.
Ditto.
Five-rayed star on granu-
lated surface (PI. XXX, 21.
The ' Madras old star pa-
goda ', struck either by the
Nawab of theCarnatic after
1766 or in the early days
of the E. I. Co. See Th.,
^./.C.Ca^,pp. 13, 14,107,
P1.XI,3; B., p. 51, Fig. 23).
Five-rayed star in dotted
circle on plain, polished
surface. (Double pagoda, in
mint state, probably struck
as a pattern, and never
issued. The B. M. has two
specimens.)
Ditto.
Three-swdmi ' type, flat form
53
•5
The
god
Venkatesvara
and his twowives standing.
Granulated (PI. XXX,
22; Th.,E.I.O.Cat.,FLXI,
1 ; B., PI. Ill, 19).
320
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
Serial
No
Museum
Motal,
Weight,
Obvorso
Reverse
Size
2
I.M.
N 53
•5
As No. 1.
As No. 1.
3
>>
M 51-9
•47
Ditto.
Ditto.
4
?j
N 53
•52
Ditto.
Ditto.
5
9J
M 52-7
•48
Ditto.
Ditto.
2
3
4
6
1
2
/.iJ/.
/..I/.
7.3/.
/.J/.
I.M.
Three-swami ' type, thick, convex form
N
N
N
M
N
M
N
M
52^6
•45
52-5
•45
51-5
•45
52^5
• 48
52-5
•45
52-5
•42
63
•45
53
•46
M
N
53
•45
Deity with his two wives
standing, the latter being
indistinct.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Four-armed deity type
Rudely executed deity,
apparently four-armed.
Ditto.
Standing deity type
Standing deity (Vishnu)
with symbols.
Ditto.
Siva and Pdrvatl type
53 I Siva and Parvatl seated.
M 160.8
Silver
In central circle, .^Oj^uram
of temple (pagoda). Le-
gends on margin, in Eng-
lish, QUARTER PAGODA, and
in Persian character, pdo
phuli hun, ' quarter of a
phiili hun.'
Granulated.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Granulated (PI. XXX,
23).
Ditto.
Granulated (PI. XXX,
24. This is the ' Porto-
novo ' type, struck first by
the Dutch, and imitated by
the English; B.,p. 51; Th.,
E. I. C. Cat., PI. XI, 2).
Ditto.
Granulated, with obscure
device imposed.
In central circle, Vishnu
standing, rudely executed,
surrounded by pellets
(stars) ; with oblique mill-
ing. (The * Madras quarter
pagoda'; Th., E. J. C. Cat.,
p. 114, No. 71, PI. XIV, 2.)
EAST INDIA COMPANY — SUNDRY COINS
321
Museum
Obyerse
Reverse
I.M.
M
M
163^3
13^3
.47
Similar, with slight va-
riations.
In central circle, falam
in Persian character; on
margin, fanam.
I.M.
Copper (? brass)
M
32
•43
As gold ' star pagoda '.
^
39-7
•45
Ditto.
Similar, with slight va-
riations.
In central circle, Ruka
(Telugu); on margin, Pa-
nam (Tamil), and a star;
oblique milling. (The 'Ma-
dras fanam ' ; Th., E. I. C.
Cat., p. 115, No. 80, PI.
XIV, 5.)
As gold ' star pagoda '.
Ditto.
VIII. SUNDRY COINS, not assigned
Gold
I.M.
I.M.
N
N
5-2
•21
0^7
•32
'Broad arrow' Vaishnava
mark.
Gold flake stamped with
obscure legend.
Copper
Interlaced lines; a fa-
nam.
Blank ; probably a ni.sdr
or largess piece.
M
37
• 42
34^5
•45
Vijaya, 'victory,' in ap-
parently Kanarese charac-
ters.
Ditto.
Seated deity. A thick
coin said to be of Pudukota
State.
Ditto.
M
55
•48
13-6
• 31
13
•4
10
•4
5^7
•27
64
•48
17
• 4
Elephant r. between
lines.
Legend, not read.
Sri in Nagarl script.
A form of cross in square ;
thick.
St. Andrew's cross in
square.
Blank.
M
Ditto.
Ditto.
Legend, not read.
Ditto.
Legend, not read; a
copper fanam.
Obscure device.
M
Lion 1., copied from the
E.I. Company rupee; 1834
in English figures.
In Persian script, zarb
(' struck ') zdr ; characters
in a southern alphabet.
Section XXII
THE KINGDOMS OF YIJAYANAGAR
AND MYSORE
INTRODUCTION
The most convenient abstract of the history of the kingdom of
Vijayanagar will be found in Sewell's Lists, vol. ii, p. 243, and fuller
information is given in the same author's work, A Forgotten Empire.
The First Dynasty is represented in the catalogue by five coins, two
of Harihara II and three of Deva Eaya II. Krishna deva Raya of the
Second Dynasty (1509-30 a. d.) is traditionally held to have been 'one
of the greatest monarchs that ever ruled the country'. Fourteen of
his gold coins are catalogued, the attribution of one being doubtful.
The next king, Achyuta, was either a brother or son of Krishna deva.
The two specimens of his coinage have the reverse device of a double-
headed eagle monster (ganda bherunda). I think it desirable, contrary
to the practice of previous writers, to call the mythological side of
these coins the reverse, and to designate as the obverse the side bearing
the kings name. The next king, Sadasiva, who succeeded as an infant
in 1542, seems to have been a son of Achyuta. Two coins are cata-
logued under his name, of which No. 2 is certainly his, but No. 1 may
belong to an homonymous chief of Ikkeri.
The coinage of the Third Dynasty is very poorly represented.
Eama Raja, to whom four coins are attributed, was killed in 1565 a. d.
at the battle of Talikota, which ruined the kingdom of Vijayanagar ;
although descendants of the royal house continued to rule as petty
chiefs for some time longer. Three coins bearing the name of Venka-
tesvara belons: to one or other of these chiefs, about 1600 A. D.
The best account of the Vijayanagar coinage is that given by
Prof. Hultzsch in the article entitled 'The Coins of the Kings of
Vijayanagara ' {Ind. Ant., \ol. xx (1891), p. 301, with two plates). The
author gives full references to earlier publications. In Ind. Ant.,
vol. XXV, p. 318, Prof. Hultzsch has published ' the only silver coin
of the Vijayanagara kings that has hitherto come to light'. The
INTRODUCTION
323
numerous copper coins of the series are not represented in the very
poor collection now catalogued.
The kingdom of Mysore grew out of the wreck of the kingdom of
Vijayanagar. The catalogue includes only one specimen of the coinage
of the early Hindu Rajas, a ' Kanteroy fanam ' of Raja Kamthirava
(1628-58 A. D.). The extensive coinage of Mysore during the reigns of
Haidar *Ali and his son Tipu, the Muhammadan conquerors or usurpers,
is represented in the Indian Museum only by a few odds and ends.
A full discussion of the Mysore coinage will be found in Mr. Thurston's
catalogue of the Mysore coins in the Madras Museum (Madras, Govern-
ment Press, 1888).
CATALOGUE
KINGDOM OF YIJAYANAGAR
FIRST DYNASTY
N
0. III. H
1
IJI.
N 26-7
•42
i
2
)>
N 26
•42
Gold
HARIHARA II, about 1379-1406 a. D.
Three- line Nagarl le-
gend, (1) Sri Pra (2) tdpa
Hart (3) hara.
Ditto.
God and goddess seated
(PI. XXX, 25); C.S./.,Nos.
96, 97).
Ditto.
No. VI. DEVA RAYA n, about 1422-47 a.d.
1
IJI.
N
52
-45
2
J5
N
52-2
.45
3
5)
N
52
.44
Three-line legend, (1) Sri
Pra (2) tdpa deva (3) rdya.
Ditto.
Ditto.
God and goddess seated
(PI. XXX, 26).
Ditto.
Ditto.
SECOND DYNASTY
Gold
No. V. KRISHNA DEVA RAYA, 1509-30 a. d.
I.M.
N
51-2
Three-line legend, (1) Sri
•6
Praia (2) pa Krishna (3)
rail a.
Y 2
Seated deity ; a flat,
broad coin.
324 THE KINGDOMS OF VIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
2
IJI.
N
50-8
•56
Similar.
Similar ; the deity of
both these coins seems to
be female ; a ' Durgi pa-
goda '.
3
5>
M
50-6
•5
52
Ditto.
Ditto; butalittlethicker.
4
>>
N
Ditto.
, Ditto ; deity seems to be
•48
male, Vishnu, with (?) dis-
cus and conch.
6
>>
N
49-8
•45
Ditto.
Ditto; ditto; fromTan-
jore.
6
}}
N
51-8
•48
Ditto.
Ditto ; ditto.
7
5>
N
51-6
•46
Ditto ; rdya wantiug.
Ditto; ditto.
8
>»
N
51-6
•46
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto ; deity seems to be
female.
9
A.S.B.
N
52
•45
Ditto.
Ditto ; deity male.
10
I.M.
N
26
•4
Ditto.
God and goddess seated
(PI. XXX, 27).
11
»
N
25-9
•38
Legend as usual.
Seated deity,Vishnu with
shell (PI. XXX, 28)!
12
5>
N
25-9
• 32
Ditto.
Deity, worn ; probably
seated.
13
)>
N
52
•45
Ditto.
Seated deity, worn.
14
)}
N
52-8
No legend ; horizontal
Seated deity, probably
•5
bands across coin.
Vishnu. (Attribution ne-
cessarily doubtful ; see B.,
/.^.S.£.,PartI,Pl.II,12.)
No. VI. ACHYUTA RAYA, 1530-42 a. d.
I.M.
A.S.B.
N
52-2
•41
N
26
•43
Three-line legend, diffi-
cult to read, (1) Sri Pra (2)
tdpdchyuta (3) rdya.
Similar; mostly defaced.
Double-headed eagle-
monster (ganda bherunda),
holding up elephants in its
beaks and claws (PI. XXX,
29; B.jNo. 10a; Hultzsch,
No. 29, /. A., XX, p. 306).
Similar; in bad con-
dition ; from Amraoti in
Berar ; a half-pagoda.
I.M.
No.
VII.
53
•43
SADASIVA RAYA, 1542-73 a. D
Three-line legend, (1) Sri
(2) Saddsi [with dental 5]
(3) va r[aya] (Hultzsch).
God and goddess seated
(PI. XXX, 30 ; the ' Ikkeri
pagoda ', which may have
been struck by ' Sadasiva,
the tirst Nayaka of Ikkeri';
Hultzsch, p. 307).
PLATE XXX
^^ ^N>
/R
.-»^^ti
N
It
^^^
A/
/R
19
N
26
A/
28
ft
N
29
;^.^^
^
A/
30
33 N
- N ^iv
34
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN INDIA
VIJAYANAGAR, MYSORE
ACHYUTA RAYA — RAJA KAMTHIRAVA
325
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
2
I.M.
N ring
•5
Three-line legend, (1) ^rl
Praia (2) [^pa] SaddSi (3)
\_va rmja].
God and goddess seated;
worn. (This coin certainly
belongs to the Vijayanagar
king; C. S. L, No. 100;
Hultzsch, No. 32.)
2
3
+4
2
IM.
I.M.
N
M
THIRD DYNASTY
Gold
RAMA RAJA, died 1565 a. d.
A^
26
•4
N
52-6
•45
N
25-1
•42
N
26
• 4
Three-line legend in cor-
rupt script, read as (1) ^rl
Ram (2) Raja Ram (3) Ram
Raja.
Similar ; legend much
defaced.
(?) Similar; legenddoubt-
ful.
As No. 1.
Vishnu standing under
a canopy. (The ' Gandikota
pagoda'; PI. XXX, 31; B.,
No. 16.)
Similar.
no ca-
doubt-
Standing deity ;
nopy ; attribution
ful.
As No. 1 ; apparently a
forgery. (' Forged modern
ones are quite common', B.,
p. 47.)
VENKATESVARA, about 1600 a.d.
5L6
•43
oval
51-6
•5x-4
N 51-5
•45
Three-line legend, {\)&n
Venka (2) teivard (3) {ya
namah), ' worship to Ven-
katesvara.*
Similar.
Ditto.
Vishnu standing under
arch(Pl.'XXX,32; Hultzsch,
No. 35; C. S. /., No. 105;
B., No. 15).
Similar.
Ditto ; arch or canopy
wanting ; a coarse coin.
I.M.
KINGDOM OF MYSORE
RAJA KAMTHIRAVA, 1638-58 a.d.
Gold
N
5-5
•3
Telugu three-line legend,
imperfect, (1) Sri (2) Kaih-
thl (3) rava.
Deity, said to be the
Narasimha avatar of Vish-
nu. (The Kamthlrava or
' Kanteroy ' fanam, the first
issue; PI. XXX, 33; Ind.
Ant., XX, p. 309 ; Th., My-
sore Cat., p. 8, PI. I, 1, 2.)
326 THE KINGDOMS OF VIJAYANAGAR AND MYSORE
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
\Voit,'lit,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
1
2
NAWAB SAFDAR 'ATJ KHAN, died 1741 a. d.
I.M. N — Granulated surface, with Three deities standing
•45 Arabic letter a/n, c. (C. S. I., p. 144).
N Ditto. ^ Ditto.
•45
I.M.
I.M.
HAIDAR 'ALi, died Dec. 1782 a.d.
Gold
1
I.M.
N
52-5
•4
Granulated surface, with
Arabic letter h, —.
2
5>
N
53
• 45
Ditto.
3
»
N
53
.46
Ditto.
4
»J
N
52-7
•45
Ditto.
Siva with trident, Par-
vatl with antelope, seated ;
sun and moon above (Bidie,
No. 27; Thurston, p. 10).
Ditto; fromWandewash.
Ditto.
Ditto.
TlPtJ (TIPPOO) SULTAN, died 1799 a.d.
Copper
M
82
•75
Elephant walking r.; a-
bove date 1222 {scil. of
Mauludl era, read from r.
to 1. = 1793-4 A.D.).i
Arabic legend, zarh pa-
tan Bahrain, ' struck at city
Bahram,' scil. Seringapa-
tam.
N
KRISHNA RAJA, 1799-1868 a.d.
Gold
Siva and ParvatT, with
trident and antelope (PI.
XXX, 34).
53
•42
Three-line Nagarl legend,
(1) ^rl (2) Krishna Rd (3)
ja.
' The Mauludl era is reckoned from the reputed date of Muhammad's birth.
Section XXIII
THE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON
INTRODUCTION
The mediaeval history of Ceylon having been recorded by the
native chroniclers in considerable detail with reasonably close attention
to chronological accuracy, and having been made readily accessible to
European readers in many modern books, no difficulty is felt ordinarily
in assigning the extant coins to the proper kings and approximately
to correct dates. Exact years cannot be determined because no coin
is dated. The only doubt in the attribution of the coins occurs in the
case of those bearing the name of Vijaya Bahu. Several kings of that
name ruled in the latter years of the twelfth century and during the
thirteenth, to any one of whom the coins might be assigned ; but they
are attributed usually to Vijaya Bahu II, nephew of the great Para-
krama Bahu, and this attribution has been followed in the catalogue.
The known coins extend over a period of nearly a century and
a half, beginning with Parakrama Bahu (1153-86), and ending with
Bhuvanaika Bahu who came to the throne in 1296 A. D. They are all
substantially identical in type, and are copies of the coinage of the
powerful Chola king, Rajaraja, who reigned on the mainland from 985
to 1011 A. D. The generals of Parakrama Bahu invaded Southern India
in or about the year 1175, and it may be assumed with a high degree
of probability that the Ceylonese imitations of the Chola coinage are all
subsequent to that date. No coins are extant of eight of the series of
sixteen rulers beginning with Parakrama and ending with Bhuvanaika.
The small collection now catalogued includes specimens of the
copper coinage of six of the eight sovereigns whose coins are known,
but the rare issues of Nissanka Malla (1187-96) and Chodaganga
(1196-7) are not represented in it, nor are there any examples of the
limited gold and silver coinage. The existence of a silver coinage,
ignored in Professor Rhys Davids' book, has been fully proved by
Mr. Lowsley, who collected numerous genuine specimens. Parakrama
Bahu, when his armies invaded Southern India, evidently was impressed
by the huge amoi nt of Rajaraja's coinage in copper. Sir Walter Elliot
328 TFIE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON
observes : — ' Copper pieces, the more perfect specimens weighing from
50 to 60 grains, bearing the name of Raja Raja, are met with every
day. They are brought in numbers to be melted up by the copper-
smiths, and one find within my own knowledge in Tanjore yielded
upwards of 4,000^' (G.S.I.,^. 133). The Ceylonese monarch exactly
copied the proceedings of his model and issued immense quantities of
copper coin, but comparatively little of silver and gold. The type
introduced by Rajaraja is characterized by a very peculiar image of
the king standing on the obverse, and a grotesque monkey-like seated
figure on the reverse. The legend in contemporary Nagari script is
on the reverse. These characteristics, evidently of northern origin,
and ultimately traceable, through the Gupta and Kushan coinage, to
Greek models, were faithfully reproduced by Parakrama Bahu and his
successors.
The standard coin in this style was the mdska or massa of about
70 grains ; and most of the extant examples in all metals are massas.
The subdivisional pieces are scarce or rare, as also are the double
nuasaas. The twenty-five coins catalogued and twelve excluded dupli-
cates are all massas, except one small worn piece of Parakrama Bahu,
which now weighs only 8| grains, but may have been intended for
a quarter-?7iassa. The octagonal massa of Queen Lilavati (PI. XXXI, 5)
is not mentioned in the books, and seems to be unique.
The first intelligible, although imperfect, account of these Ceylonese
coins was given by Prinsep (Essays, ed. Thomas, vol. i, PI. XXXV j.
They are briefly noticed by Elliot (C S. I., pp. 108-10), and have been
treated at considerable length by Prof. Rhys Davids (' Ancient Coins
and Measures of Ceylon', in Intern. Num. Or., London, Triibner,
1877). But Pi'of. Rhys Davids' account requires numerous correc-
tions and additions, which have been supplied by Mr. B. Lowsley in
a valuable essay entitled ' Coins and Tokens of Ceylon' (Num. Chron.,
1895, p. 211, PL VIII). Abstracts of the history of the period will be
found in Prof. Rhys Davids' work, Emerson Tennant's Ceylon, and in
many other books easily accessible.
' Tanjore was the Chola capital.
PARAKRAMA BAHU — Ll LAV ATI
329
CATALOGUE
Serial
No.
Museum
Obverse
Reverse
A.S.B.
M
A.S.B. \JE
J'
JE
JE
PARAKRAMA BAHU, 1153-86 a. d.
60
•8
Rude figure of king
standing facing, with the
folds of his waist-cloth
hanging down at each side;
his 1. hand raised holds a
flower, and below to r. is
a branch; his r. hand holds
a weapon or symbol, which
may be described as a mace
with four hooks.
M
65
Similar.
•8
JE
65
•78
Ditto.
^
65
•78
Ditto.
M
8^5
•4
Ditto ; defaced
Grotesque monkey-like
seated figure with 1, arm
raised ; below that arm, in
four lines, the legend, (1)
^rl (2) Para (3) krama (4)
bdhu (PI. XXXI, 1).
Similar.
Ditto.
Ditto.
No deyice ; three-line
legend, (1) ^r'l (2) Pardkra
(3) ma bdhu (Pi. XXXI, 2).
VIJAYA BAHU, 1186-7 a.d.
54-7
•78
65-3
•78
65-5
•78
65^6
•8
65^5
•77
As on coins of Parakrama
Bahu.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
As on coins of Parakra-
ma, substituting name Vi-
jaya, (l)^rZ(2)>ya(3)?ya
&a (4) hu (PI. XXXI, 3).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Queen LILAVATI, 1197-1200 and again 1209 a.d.
A.S.B.
M
M
65-1
•83
65-2
•8
As oncoins of Parakrama
Bahu.
Ditto.
Device as on coins of
Parakrama. Legend, (1)
&ri (2) Raja (3) Lild (4)
van (PI. XXXI, 4).
Ditto.
330
TTTE MEDIAEVAL COINAGE OF CEYLON
Serial
No.
3
4
6
Museum
A.S.li.
Mo till,
Woiglit,
Size
Obvorso
Reverse
^3
G2-2
• 83
41 -2
■79
oct.
r)2-4
.75
Similar to No. 1,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Similar to No. 1.
Ditto ; rude and worn.
(' Soiiu! of the massas are
rather roughly struck, and
these are worn', Num.
Chron., 1895, p. 221.)
As No. 1 (PI. XXXI, 5 ;
this octagonal variety is
unpublisheil).
SAHASA MALLA, 1200-2 a.d.
A.S.n.
2
8
4
6
1 A.S.B.
JE
G5-3
•84
JE
G5-G
• 82
JE
65-9
•8
JE
G4-7
•8
.E
64-5
•8
As oncoius of Parakrama
Bahu.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Device as on coins of
Parakrama. Legend, (1)
^rl (2) mat Sa (3) hasa (4)
malla.
Ditto (PI XXXI, G).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
DHARMA^OKA DEVA, 1208-9 a.d.
JE G2-2
•8
As on coins of Parakrama
Bahu.
Device as on coins of
Parakrama. Legend, (1)
^rl (2) l)ha\ rynmd- (3) Soka
(4) deva (PI. XXXI, 7).
BHUVANAIKA BAHU, 1296 a.d.
1
A.S.B.
JE
GG-8
• 79
As on coins of Parakrama
Bahu.
2
»>
iE
63
•78
Ditto.
8
>>
JE
GG-l
.77
Ditto.
4
»
JE
G7
•77
Ditto.
Device as on coins of
Parakrama. Legend, (1)
^rl (2) lihlu]va (3) naika
(4) hahu (PI. XXXI, 8).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Section XXIV
COINS OF ARAKAN AND OTHERS
INTRODUCTION
The few coins described in this section hardly can claim a rightful
place in this catalogue, but, having been sent to me, must be disposed
of. The little that appears to be known about the history and coinage
of Arakan has been published by Sir Arthur Phayre in his treatise
entitled 'Coins of Arakan, of Pegu, and of Burma' (Intern. Numi. Or.,
London, Trubner, 1882).
The silver coins with the effigy of a recumbent bull and Nagarl
legends are referred to the ' Chandra ' dynasty, supposed to have
reigned between 788 and 957 A. d. Coins of this type arc found buried
in the ground and among old ruins in various parts of Arakan. Several
were presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and have been described
in the Society's Journal, but those specimens, if still preserved, have
not been submitted to me. The examples now described all belong to
the Indian Museum cabinet, and there is no record of their provenance.
No. 1, with the legend Sri ^Iva^ya (? Glvasya), is not noticed by Phayre.
The two thick silver coins, Nos. 8 and 9, are No. 22 of Phayre's
Plate II, and were struck in the year 1144 of the Arakanese era,
equivalent to 1782 A. d., by Maha Samada Raja, the last king of Arakan,
prior to the conquest of the country by the Burmese, who were com-
pelled to cede it to the Indian Government by the treaty of Yandaboo
in 1826. These coins have no device, and the obverse legend is
repeated, letter for letter, on the reverse.
The coins which I am unable to assign precisely include a little
bronze coin of Cambodia, supposed to date from the eighteenth century.
Mr. Rodgers has recorded the odd fact that it was obtained at Kangra
in the Panjab. Possibly it may have been brought there by a Sikh
policeman returning from Bangkok. I am indebted to Prof. Rapson
for identifying this piece as Cambodian. The 'symbolical' coin from
Burma differs from all of those published by Phayre. I am unable to
read the legends on certain inscribed coins. The characters on Nos. 1
and 3 are Nagarl, but I cannot make sense of them, while the script on
332
COINS OF ARAKAN AND OTHERS
Nos. 2 and 4 is wholly unknown to me. Nos. 7 and 8 are supposed
to be Tibetan. I cannot make any suggestion about No. 9, which bears
the legend Jajjapurd (or -purl).
CATALOGUE
ARAKAN
Serial
No.
Obverse
Reverse
Early thin coins, silver; eighth to tenth centuries
^Ri SIVA
I.M.
M 103-7
1-2
Recumbent humped bull
I., with wreath round neck;
above, Nagari legend, Sri
^ivasya, or possibly Giva-
sya.
YARIKRIYA
A trident-like ornament,
defaced, with large crescent,
and also sun and moon
above (PI. XXXI, 9).
2
I.M.
M
113-2
Similar. Legend, Ydri-
Trident, with garlands
1-12
kriya.
hanging from it (Thomas) ;
sun and moon above.
3
>j
M
111-9
1-12
Ditto ; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
4
>)
M
1-07
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
5
j>
B.
1-12
Ditto; ditto.
Ditto; ditto.
6
>>
M
114-2
1-07
Ditto; ditto.
PRlTI
Ditto ; ditto (PI. XXXI,
10).
7
I.M.
M
24
•67
Similar. Legend, Pflti.
Similar(Pl. XXXI, 11).
Late thick coins, silver ; eighteenth century
MAHA SAMADA RAJA, last king of Arakan, 1782-4 a. d.
8
9
LM.
M
146-2
M
M loop
Four-line legend, in a
form of (?) Pali character,
(1) 1144 (2) Shive nan sa-
icheng (3) mahd Sama (4)
da rdjd, ' Lord of the golden
palace, Maha Samada Ra-
ja.' The date =1782 A.D.
Ditto.
Four-line legend exactly
as on ohv. (PI. XXXI, 12;
Phayre,p.lO,Pl. II,No. 22).
Ditto.
PLATE XXXI
"iSil:
/E
,<^^^m
fe4ily.'^ lav "
CEYLON, ARAKAN AND OTHERS
SRi SIVA — UNASSIGNED BRASS
333
SUNDRY COINS
Serial
No.
Museum
Metal,
Weight,
Size
Obverse
Reverse
1
I.M.
2
J>
3
»
4
J'
M
M
M
M
167
1-03
1614
M
164
•9
163
1-1
Unassigned silver
Five-line legend, (1) Sri
iri va (2) vijaya na (3)
malathagrd (?) (4) maba-
laia (?) «a(5) 1442.
Slightly concave, with
irregular legend in charac-
ters not read.
Four-line Nagarl legend
in square, not read.
Unintelligible rude cha-
racters.
Four-line legend not read.
A rupee, probably from
north-east frontier (PI.
XXXI, 13).
Slightly convex, with ir-
regular legend in characters
not read (PI. XXXI, 14).
Four-line Nagarl legend
in square, not read (? a
Nepal coin).
Unintelligible rude cha-
racters. A rupee.
Cambodia, copper {bronze) ; about eighteenth century
l.M.
M
18-7
•5
Bird (? raven) standing
1., with a double rectangle
(? character) above.
Blank; obtained at Kan-
gra (PI. XXXI, 15).
Burma ; so-called ' symbolical coin ', silver
l.M.
M 142-7
Rising sun in dotted
1-23
border.
(?) Tibet
l.M.
M 84-5
Central double circle
1-08
containing a wreath-like
ornament ; various mar-
ginal symbols.
M 76-7
Similar ; but the central
M
circle is single.
Various symbols
XXXI, 16).
(PI.
A.S.B.
M
114
•85
Unassigned brass
Humped bull standing
1., facing a (?) vase, and
under an umbrella with
streamers. In exergue be-
low horizontal line in me-
diaeval script, Jajjapurd
(or -purl).
Scroll ornaments ; cen-
tral square containing tri-
Sula and (?) date.
Nearly similar.
Defaced, possibly blank.
INDEX OF RULERS, CITIES, COUNTRIES,
DYNASTIES, AND MINTS IN PART III
(«■. = city ; CO. = country ; chj. = dynasty ; m. — mint ; r. = ruler,)
Abdallah bin Hazim, r., p.230.
Abhimanyugupta, r., p. 270.
Achyuta Raya, r., pp. 322,
_ 324.
Adi-varaha, see Bhojadeva I,
r.
Ahani, Sassanian m., p. 228.
Ai (Airan), Sassanian m., p.
22fi.
Ainiir, ci., pp. 256, 257, 259,
'261.
Ambika, r., pp. 300, 301.
Amsuvarman, r., pp. 281, 283.
Ananga-pala, r., pp. 256, 259.
Ananta, r., p. 272.
AnantavarmaChodaganga, »•.,
pp. 311, 312, Bli.
Apurva chandra deva, r., p.
276.
Arakan, co , p. 331.
Ardamitra, r., p. 221.
Ardeshir I, n, pp. 217, 218,
220.
Artahshatr, see Ardeshir I, r.
Asata-pala, r., pp. 244, 249.
Assam, co., pp. 294, 298.
Auharmazdi, see Hormazd, r.
Avatara chandra deva, r., p.
278.
Babekan, see Ardeshir I, r.
Bahram, see Varahran, r.
Bah ram, Patan, c('., m. = Se-
ringapatam, p. 326.
Bara Gusain, r., p. 308.
Bharatha simha, r., p. 306.
Bhaskara malla, r., p. 286.
Bhatgaon, ci., pp. 281, 284.
Bhimagupta, r., p. 271.
Bhojadeva I, r., pp. 232, 233,
241.
Bhupatlndra malla, r., p. 284.
Bhuvanaika malla, r., pp.
327, 330.
Brajnatha simha, r., p. 307.
Biikliara, co., pp. 230. 231.
Burma, co., \>p. 331, 333.
Ceylon, co., p. 327.
Cliahada deva, r., pp. 258,
262.'
Cliakravariendra, r., p. 285.
Chalnkva chandra, r., pp.
311, 313.
Chalukva, E. and W., dy.,
pp. 311, 312, 313.
Champaran, ci., co., pp. 280,
293.
Chandella dy., pp. 250, 253.
Chandrakanta simha na-
rendia, r., p. 307.
Charles II, r., p. 319.
Chauhan dy., pp. 257, 261.
Chedi, E. and W., co,, pp.
250, 251, 252, 254.
Chhota Udaipur, co., pp. 297,
309.
Chittaraja, r., p. 233. ,
Chucheiipha, v.l. for Susen-
pha, r., q.v.
Chukrungpha, r., p. 294.
Chunenpha, v.l. for Sunen-
pha, r., q.v,
Dahala, co,, p. 252.
Delhi, ci., pp. 256, 257, 259,
261.
Deva Eayall, r., pp. 322, 323.
Dharma chandra deva, r.,
pp. 274, 279.
Dharmasoka deva, r., p. 330.
Didda, queen, r., pp. 270, 271.
Donna Maria I, r., p. 318.
Durlabhaka, r., p. 268.
Ephthalite dtj., pp. 232, 233,
235.
Firoz, r., pp. 217, 219, 226,
233, 237.
Gadadhar simha, r., pp. 296,
298.
Gadhaiya coins, pp. 283, 240.
Gaharwar dy., pp. 257, 260.
Gaiiga dy., pp. 311, 314.
Gahgeya deva, r., pp. 250, 252.
Gaurlnatha simha, r., pp. 296,
305.
Girvan yuddha vikrama, r.,
pp. 282, 290.
Goa, ci., pp. 311, 312, 314.
Gopala varman, r., p. 270.
Gorkhali dy., pp. 281, 289.
Govinda-chandra, r., pp. 257,
260.
Haidar 'Ali, r., pp. 323, 326.
Hamirah, Sri, r., pp. 258, 263.
Harichandra deva, r., p. 277.
Harihara II, r., pp. 322, 323.
Harsha, r., of Kashmir, p.
272.
Hindu
Indo-Sassanian coins, p. 232.
Indra malla, r., p. 287.
Jagadekamalla,r., pp. 311,313.
Jaga-deva, r., p. 273.
Jagajjaya malla, r., p. 286.
Jaintia Parganas, co., p. 296.
Jajalla-deva, r., pp. 251, 254,
255 n.
.Tajjapura, ci., pp. 332, 333.
Jamasp, r., pp. 217 n., 227
Jayakesin III, r., p. 314.
Jayantapura, co., pp. 296, 307.
Jayapida, r., pp. 266, 269,
Jayasimha II, r., p. 313.
Jayasimha deva, r., p. 273.
Jejakabhukti, co., p. 253.
Kabul, ci., pp. 235, 244.
Kadamba dy,, pp. 311, 312,
314.
Kalachuri dy., pp. 250-2.
Kalasa, r., pp. 244, 265, 272.
Kalinga, co.. pp. 311, 314.
Kallar, r., p. 244.
Kalyani, ci., pp. 311, 313.
Kamalesvara simha, r., p.
307.
Kariithlrava, Raja, r., pp. 323,
325.
Kanauj, ci,, pp. 233, 241, 257,
260.
Kangra, ci., pp. 274. 275.
Kapa, r.l. for Rupa chandra
deva, r , q.v.
Karma chandra deva, r., p.
278.
Kashmir, co., p. 265.
Kathmandu, ci., pp. 281, 284.
Khamarayaka. v.l, for Kliu-
duvayaka, r., q.v.
Khingila (? Khinkhila), r.,
pp. i65, i:67.
INDEX OF RULERS, ETC., IN PART III
335
Khuduvayaka, r., pp. 243,
249.
Khurasan, co., m., pp. 230,
234.
Khusru I and II, r., pp. 217,
219, 228.
KlUi (Kirti), r., pp. 258, 263.
Kinnaram, r.. p. 307.
KTrti-varma-deva, r., pp. 250,
253.
Kobad I, r., pp. 217, 227.
Kota (?) coins, pp. 258, 264.
Krishna deva Kaya, r., pp.
322,' 323.
Krishna Raja, r., p. 326.
Kshemagupta, r., p. 270.
Kubja-vishnu-vardhana, r.,
pp. 311, 312.
Kumara - pala - deva, r., pp.
256, 259.
Lad (Rad), Sassanian m., pp.
227, 229.
Lakshminara siihha, r., pp.
281, 284. _
Lakshml siiiiha, r., p. 304.
Lalliya, r., pp. 244, 245.
LTlavati, r., pp. 328, 329.
Lohara dy., pp. 271, 272.
Loka prakasa, r., p. 288.
Madana-pala, r., pp. 257, 260.
Madana simha deva, r., pp.
282, 293.
Madana- varma-deva, r., pp.
250, 253.
Madras, ci., m., coins of, jDp.
319-21.
Malia- Kosala, co., pp. 251,
254.
Maha-Samada-Raja, r., pp.
331, 332.
Mahindra simha, r., p. 286.
Mahipala, r., pp. 256, 260.
Mahipatindra malla, r., p.
286.
Malaya-varman, r., pp. 257,
262.
Malla dy., pp. 281, 284.
Maiiahka (?Manadevay, r., pp.
280, 283.
Manipur, co., pp. 297, 308.
Mar (Merv), ci., m., pp. 229,
230.
Megha chandra deva, r., p.
277.
Mihiragula, r , pp. 232, 236.
Muhammad the Mahdl, r., p.
230.
Multan, ci., p. 234.
Mysore, co., p. 322.
Nab (? Ni), Sassanian m., p.
227.
Nah (Nih), Sassanian m., p.
228.
Nandigupta, r., p. 270.
Napkl, r., pp. 232, 242.
Narendra chandra deva, r.,
p. 278.
Narendraditya, r., p. 267.
Narses (Narsahi), r., pp. 217,
223.
Narwar, ci., dy., pp. 257, 262.
Naushlrwan, r. — Khusru I,
q.v.
Nepal, CO., p. 280.
Nl (? Nab), Sassanian »«., p.
227.
Nih (?Nah, Nahavend), Sas-
sanian m., p. 228.
Nivasa malla, r., pp. 287,
288 n.
Nripendra, r., p. 285.
Obeidallah bin Ziad, r., p.
229.
Ohind, ci., pp. 243-.5.
Omiah bin Abdallah, r., p.
230.
Padma tankas, pp. 311, 317.
Pagodas, p. 310.
Panjab, co., pp. 243-6.
Parakrama I3ahu, r., pp.
327-9.
Paramardi (Parmal), r., pp.
250, 253, 257.
Partha, r., p. 270.
Parviz = Khusru II, r., q.v.
Pasupati, (?) r.. pp. 281, 284.
Patan, ci., pp. 281, 284. 287.
Perma, r., p. 313.
Persia, co., p. 217.
Phulesvarl, r., pp. 300, 301.
Pipala, r., pp. 258, 263.
Pirthiraj = Prithvi-raja, r.,
q.v.
Pithama chandra deva, r., pp.
274, 275.
Pithi, (?) r., pp. 258, 263.
Pondicherry, ci., p. 319.
Portonovo, ci., m., p. 320.
Portuguese dy., pp. 311, 318.
Prakasa malla, r., p. 287.
Pramatha simha, r., pp. 295,
298, 302.
Pramathesvari, r., pp. 296,
300 n., 301.
Pratapa, title of Vijayanagar
r., pp. 323-5.
Pratapaditya, r., pp. 265, 268.
Pratapa malla, r., p. 285.
Pratapa simlia, r., of Nepal,
p. 290.
Pratapa simha, r., of Assam,
p. 299.
Prithvi-deva, r., pp. 251, 254,
255 n.
Prithvi-narayana, r., pp. 281,
'289.
Prithvi-raja, r., pp. 257, 261.
Prithvl vira vikrama, r., p.
293.
Prlti,'(?)r., p. 332.
Pudukota, CO., p. 321.
Rad (Lad), Sassanian w., pp.
227, 229.
Rajendra vikrama, r., p. 291.
Riijesvara simha, r., pp. 296,
303.
Ral, Sassanian m., p. 229.
Ram, Sassanian r., p. 227.
Rama chandra dova, r., p.
278.
Kama Raja, r., pp. 322, 325.
Rama simha, r., of Jayanta-
pura, p. 308.
Rama simha manikya, r., p.
308.
Rama varma, r., p. 316.
Rana Bahadur, r., p. 290.
Ranajita malla, r., p. 284.
Raimpur, Ci., m., pp. 304,
306.
Rathor or Gaharwar dy , pp.
257, 260.
Ratnadeva, r., pp. 251, 255.
Rudra siiiiha, r., pp. 294,
299.
Rupa chandra deva, r., pp.
275, 276.
Sabhajita malla, r., p. 284.
Sadasiva Raya, r., pp. 322,
324.
Safdar 'All Khan, r., p. 326.
Sahasa malla, r., p. 330.
Sahi dy., pp. 244, 245.
Saktivarman, r., pp. 311. 313.
Salim bin Ziad, r., p. 230.
Sallakshana-pala, r., pp. 256,
259.
Samanta-deva, r., of Ohind,
243-5, 247.
Samanta-deva, r., of Kangra,
pp. 274, 275.
Sangrama, r., p. 271.
Sankaravarman, r., pp. 244,
264-7, 269.
Sapor = Shapur, r., q.v.
Sarvesvari. r., pp. 300 n., 302.
Sassanian dy., p. 217.
Seringapatam, ci., p. 326.
Shahi-tigin, r. = Vahi-tigin,
q. V.
Shahiya dy., pp. 244, 24o.
ShapOr I, II, III, r., pp.
217-25.
Shi, Sassanian m., p. 228.
Siddhi nara simha, r., pp.
281, 282, 287.
Sikim, CO., pp. 297, 309.
Silahara dy., p. 233.
Singara chandra deva, r., p.
277.
Siva, Sri, (?) r., pp. 331, 332.
Siva siiiiha, r., pp. 295, 300-2.
Someivara-deva, r., pp. 257,
261.
Sona-deva, r., pp. 258, 263.
Spalapati (Syalapati), r., pp.
243-6.
336
INDEX OF RULERS, ETC., IN PART III
6ru(a (?) coins, pp. 258, 264.
SMt;aiidliil Rrml, r., p. 270.
yuklonmvui, r., pp. i290, 298.
bunenphu, r., pp. 296, 298,
, 302.
Supatphft, r., pp. 296, 298.
Surciidrft vikriima, r., pp.
282, 290-3.
Surga (Svarga) narayana, r.,
, p. 299.
Suaenphfi, r., p. 299.
Sussala, r., p. 272.
Thakurl dy., p. 283.
Tibet, CO., pp. 332, 333.
Tipperah, co., pp. 297, 808.
Tipu Sultan, r., pp. 323, 326.
Toniara dy., pp. 256, 259.
Toramana, r., of Kashmir, pp.
264, 267.
Toramana, r., "White Hun,
pp. 232, 235, 265.
Trailokya-varma-deva, r., pp.
250, 253.
Travancore, co., pp. 311, 315.
Tribhuvanagupta, r., p. 271.
Triloka chandra dova, r., p.
279.
Tripura, co. = Tipperah, q. v.
Udaipur, ChhotA, co., p. 297.
Utpalad!/.,p. 269,
Vah, Sassanian m., p. 226.
Vahi-tigin, r., pp.232, 234.
Vakka, r., pp. 243, 244, 248.
Varahran I-VI, r., pp. 217,
222, 226, 226, 228, 230,
231 n.
Vengi, ci., pp. 311, 312.
Venka, v. I. for Vakka, r., q. v.
Venkatesvara, r., p. 325.
Vigraha, r., of Kashmir, pp.
266, 269.
Vigraha-pala, r., pp. 233, 239.
Vijaya B.ahu, r., pp. 327, 329.
Vijayanagar, ci., dy., p. 322.
Vinayaditya, r., pp. 266, 269.
Vira mahendra, >., p. 286.
Vira nara simha malla, r., p.
288.
Vira-varma-dova, r., pp. 250,
254.
Vishamasiddlii, r., pp. 311,
312.
Vishnu chitta-deva, r., p.
314.
Vishnu malla, r., p. 289.
(?) Visramsadeva, r., pp. 266,
269.
Wah, Sassanian m., pp. 226,
227.
White Hun dy., pp. 232, 233,
236.
Y.arikriya, (?) r., p. .3.32.
Yasovarman, r., pp. 205, 268.
Yezdegird I, II, r., pp. 217,
225, 226.
YogamatI, r., p.i288.
Yoga narendra malla, r., p.
288.
Yoga prakasa malla, r., p.
289.
GENERAL INDEX
ABBREVIATIONS
ci. = city or town ; co. = country ; d. = deity ; d)/. = dynasty ; k = king or
chief ; qu. = queen ; ti/. = type.
Abdagases, Indo-Parthian k., 36, 37, 57.
Abdallah bin Hazim, Arab governor, 230.
Abhimanyugupta, /c. of Kashmir, 270.
AhrwH precatoriun, the ra^i seed, 310.
Achsnita, /c. of Ahichhatra, 18.5, 188.
Achyuta Baya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 324.
Adtnanlhera pavortina, rnanjddi seed, -"ilO.
Adi Vardha, ty. of Bhoja k., 232-4, 241.
Agathoklela, Indo-Grcek qu., 5, G, 21.
Afathokles, Indo-Greek k., 3, 5, 10, 147.
Agrnimitra, k. of N. Panchala, 184, 186;
Sunga k., 184.
Aham, Sassanian mint, 228.
Ahichhatra, ci., Gupta copper mint, 97 ;
coins of, 14G, 184, 18.5.
Ahom, dy.j triVje, and language, 294-6.
Ai (?= Airan), Sassanian mint, 226.
Aja-varma, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 1.50.
Ajayapala-deva, k. of Tomara dy., 2.56.
Ajmir, <:i., Chauhan dy. of, 2.57, 261 ; Tomara
dy. of, 256, 259.
Ajodhya, ci., Gupta copper mint, 97 ; coins
of, 144, 148.
Alberuni, on Shahiya dy., 244, 245.
Alexander the Great, 3, 7, 135.
Ambhi, k. of Taxila, 13.5.
Ambika, Ahom qu., 300 n., .301.
Amoghabhuti, Kuninda k., 161, 167.
Amiuvarman, k. of Nepal, 281, 283.
Amyntas, Indo-Greek k.j 5, 31.
Ananga-pala, Tomara k., 2.56, 259.
Ananta, k. of Kashmir, 272.
Anantavarma Cliodaganga, k., 811, 312, 314.
Andhra dy., 208.
Anglo-Indian coinage, 311.
Anio r?), d., 78.
Antialkidas, Indo-Greek k., 5, 15, 13.5.
Antimachos (IX) Nikephoros, Indo-Greek
L, 5, 29, 13.5.
Antimachos (I) Theos, k. of Bactria, 4,
.5, 10.
Antiochos the Great, Syrian k., 3.
Apollo, d., ty., 11, 20, 28, 29.
Apollodotos, Indo-Greek /;., 4, 5, 18, 161.
Apollophanes, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6, 28 n.
Apnrva chandra deva, k. of Kflngra, 276.
Arab governors of Persia, 218, 229, 231 n.
Arabic legends on Nepalcse coiiiM, 281, 285.
Arachosia, co., 35-7.
Arakan, co., coins of, 331, 3.32.
Archebioa, Indo-Greek k., 5, 17.
• Archer' ty., 103, 105, 111, 117, 119-21.
Ardamitra, k., 221 n.
Ardeshir, Ka9^anian k., I, I'fthekan, 217,
218, 220; II, 217; III, 218.
Ardochsho, d., 76-90.
Arjunayana tribe and coins, 160, 166,
' Arrow ' ty., 62.
Arsakes Dikalos, k., 36, 37.
Artahshatr, see Ardeshir.
Artaxerxes, = Ardeshir, /,•., q r., 220.
Artemidoros, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6,
Artemis, d., ty., 9, .'39.
As^ta-pala, k., 244, 249.
A.i('ivarl h^gend, 261, 262.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, Pref. and Gen.
In trod.
A6oka, k., 280.
Aspavarma, slratnjnn, 37, 38, 52.
Assam, co., 294, 298.
Aivaghosha, k. of Kosam, 146, 155.
Aivomedha, horse -sacrifice, 96, 101.
Athsho, Persian d., 69, 72, 76, 79-82.
Andnmbara tribe and coinn, 147, 160, 166.
Angnstua, head of, ty., 66 ; denarius of,
135.
Aureus, varying standard of, 63, 218.
Avantl, CO., coins of, 145, 152, 198, 203.
AvatSra chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.
Aynmltra, /.. of Ajodhya, 145, 1.50.
Azarmi-dubht, Sassanian qu., 218.
Azes ^Aya), Indo-Partliian k., I, 36-8, 48 ;
II, 36-8, 50.
Azilises ^Ayilishay, Indo-Parthian k., 36,
37, 49.
Babekan, .see Ardeshir I.
Bacharna, Later Kushan h., 89.
Bactria, ';'>., 7, 8, &c.
Bagapharoa, k. in Jihlam, .36 n.
SMITH
338
GENERAL INDEX
Bahasati (Brihaspati) mitra, k. of KOsam,
146, 165, 185,
BahrSm, = Varahran, q.r.
Bahram patan, ct., = Seringapatam, 326.
Balabhuti, A. of Mathura, 190, 192.
Baladitya, see Nara, 119.
Balban, k. of Delhi, 258.
Bdndstra defined, 285 n.
Bara Ouiialu, k. of Jayantapura, 308.
Bars used as coins, 133, 136.
Bartholomaei, General de, on Sassanian
coins, 217, 219, 231 n.
• Battle-axe ' ti^., 96, 104.
Bazodeo, = Vasudeva, k., q.v., 84.
Beghram, coins collected at, 235 n.
Bendall, Prof., on Nepal, 282.
Bengali script, 296.
Besnag^ar, ci., 145, 152 n.
Bhadra, Later Kuslian k., 88.
Bhadraghosha, k. of N. Panchala, 185,
187.
Bhagadatta, mythical k. of Assam, 306.
Bhagavata, k. of KOsam, 146.
Bhagavati, d., 287.
Bhanumltra, Audumbara k., 161, 166 ; k.
of N. Panchala, 185, 187.
Bhapamyana, Malava ^-., 163, 174.
Bharatha simha, k. of Kangpur, 306.
Bhartridaman, W. Satrap, 124.
Bhaskara nialla, Nepalese k., 286.
Bhatgaon, cl, 280, 284.
Bhavadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 193.
Bhavani, cl, 289, 290.
Bhima-deva, k. of Oiund, 243, 244.
BhSma-gTipta, k. of Kashmir, 271.
Bhogini, (l, 283.
Bhojadeva I, k. of Kanauj, 232, 233, 241.
Bhumi-mitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185, 187.
Bhupatindra malla, Nepalese k., 284.
Bhnvanaika malla, k. of Ceylon, 327, 330.
Bondnc nut, or Molucca bean, 310.
• Bow and arrow • ty., 132, 208, 209.
Bralima-mitra, k. of Mathura, 190, 194 ;
an earlier k., 199, 205.
Brahmanya, Svaml, Yaudheya k., 165,
181.'
BraJnStha simha, k. of Assam, 307.
Brihaspati mltra, k. of Kosam, 146, 155,
185.
• Buckler ' ty., 26.
BukharS, bilingual coins of, 230.
• BuU and horseman ' ty., 243, 256, 274.
Bnnddlkhand, the Chandella kingdom,
250;=Jejakabhukti, 253.
Burmese, in Assam, 295 ; symbolical coin,
331, 333.
Caduceas symbol, .38, 133, 137, 138-40,
142.
Caesnlpinia honduc, Molucca bean, 310.
Cambodia, co., coin of, 331, 333.
Camel, Bactrian, ty., 27, 48, 67, 242.
Carlleyle, Mr. A. C, discoveries of, 161.
Carnatic, Nawab of, 319.
• Cash ' {Kaxu), a copper coin, 311, 316.
Cast coins, 198-203.
Central India, mediaeval dy. of, 250.
Ceylon, mediaeval coinage of, 327.
Chahada-deva, k. of Narwar, 258, 262.
Chaity'a, ty., 131, 198.
Chakiam, silver Travancore coin, 311, 316.
Chakravartendra, Nepalese k., 285.
Chalukya, dy.. Eastern and Western, 311-13.
Chalukya chandra, E. Chalukya k,, 311,
313.
Chamba, CO., Asata A-. of, 245.
Champaran, co., coins of, 280. 282, 293.
Chanda, district, Andhra coins from, 209.
Chanda Mall, forger, 65.
ChandeUa, dy., 250, 253.
Chandra (Chada), Andhra k., 209, 213 ; dy.
of Arakan, 331 .
Chandra deva, k. of Kanauj, 257.
Chandragupta, k. of Gupta dynasty I, 95,
99 ; II, 96, 97, 104, 162 (corrigenda).
Chandrakanta simha narendra, k. of Assam,
307.
Characene, ci., in Susiana, 3, 9 ».
Charles ZZ, k. of England, 319.
Chatre^viira ty., 161, 170.
Chauhan (Chahamana), dy. of Ajmir, 257,
261.
Chedi, CO., Eastern = Mahakosala, 251, 254 ;
Western = Jabalpur, 250-2.
Chhota Udaipur, co., 297, 309.
Chhu, Later Kushan k., 89.
Chittaraja, Silahara k., 233.
Chodaganga, k. of Ceylon, 327.
Chola, A-., Rajaraja, 327.
Chuchenpha, v. I. for Susenpha, k., q. v.
Chukapha, Ahom k., 294.
Chukrungpha, AhOm k., 294.
Chunenpha, v. I. for Sunenpha, k., q. v.
Churdmani defined, 288.
'City' ty., 30, 58.
• Club ' ty., 27.
• Cock ' ty., 7.
• Cock and BuU ' iy., 144, 150.
Coinage, origin of Indian, 133, 136, 310.
Copper coinage, antiquity of, 133, 135.
Corinthian coinage, 133.
'Couch' ty., 104.
Cowries, used as money, 135.
GENERAL INDEX
339
Cunningham, Sir A., on Alexander's suc-
cessors, 6 ; Coln» of Sakas, 37 ; on find-
spots of coins, 143.
Dahala, co., = W. Chedi, or Jabalpur, 252.
Damajada ^ri, k., son of Eudrasena, 125.
Davids, Prof. Bhys, on coins of Ceylon,
328.
Delhi, ci., Chauhan dy. of, 257, 261 ; Tomara
dy. of, 256, 259.
Demeter, d., ty., 46.
Demetrios, h., 3, 5, 9.
Deopadi, see Ambika, qu., 300 n.
Bephd, legend, 199, 206.
Deva, 1:., (?) of Kosam, 199, 206.
Deva-mitra, A-. of Ajodhya, 144, 146, 151.
Deva Naga, k., 164, 178.
Deva Raya II, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 323.
Dhana-deva, A-, of Ajodhya, 144, 148.
Dharann, = punch-marked coin, 134, 139.
Dbarma Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 274,
279.
Dharmaioka deva, k. of Ceylon, 330.
Dhruvamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185.
Diadema, ti/., 28.
Dldda, qu, of Kashmir, 270, 271.
Dillhvdls, = ' bull and horseman ' coins,
257.
Diodotos I and II, k. of Bactria, 3, 5, 7, 10.
Diomedes, k., 5, 16.
Dionysios, Indo-Greek k., 28.
Dioskouroi, d,, ty., 11, 13, 16, 17.
Dog, ty., 132, 140,
Donna Maria I, qn. of Portugal, 318.
Drachma, weight standard, 218, 251.
Dramma coins, 251.
Drang-iana, co., = Sistan, 35.
Drouin, M., on Sassanian coins, 231 n.
Duddu coin, 316.
Dumpy pice, 142, 282.
Durga devi, d., 279.
Bfxriji pagoda, 324.
Dnrlahhaba, k. of Kashmir, 265, 268.
Earthquake of 1905, 275.
East India Company coinage, 311, 319,
321.
Elephant head or scalp ty., 9, 14, 27, 38.
' Elephant-rider' ty., 79.
Elliot, Sir W., Coins of Southern India, 311,
312.
Enadari, see Sarvesvari, qu., 300 «.
English models of coinage, 311, 319, 321.
Epander, k., 5, 6.
Epheaus, minute silver coins of, 163 ».
Ephthalite symbol, 233.
EphthaUtes, = White Huns, q. v., 233.
Era, Arakanese, 331 ; Gupta, 95 ; Malava
or Vikrama, 03 ; MauliuU, 326 ; Nowar
or Nepali, 281 ; Saka or Saka, 245, 281,
296.
Eran, ci., coins of, 141, 145, 152 h., 163 71.
Eiikratides, k. of Bactria, 4, 5, 11.
Euthydemos, k. of Bactria, 3, 5, 8.
Panam, small southern coin, 810.
Pire-altar, Sassanian ty., 218, 233.
Piroz, Sassanian k., 217, 219, 226, 233, 237.
Pish, ty., 132, 136, 139, 140.
Forgeries, 7 n., 65, 100 ».
Prench coins, 311, 319.
Pyzabad, ci., 144, 148, 150.
Oadadhar slmha, Assamese k. 296, 298.
Gadhalya (Gadhiya) coins, 233, 234, 240.
Qaharwar, dy. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
Gait, Mr., Sietory of Assam, 295.
Gajapati pagoda. 318.
Gajava, Malava k., 177.
Ganapatl (Ganendra), Naga k., 164, 178.
Gandhara, co., Kanishka k. of, 69.
Gandikota pagoda, 325.
Ganga, dy. of Kalinga, 311, 312, 314.
GSngeya-deva Vikramaditya, k. of W.
Chedi, 250-2.
Ganjam, co., rude coins from, 64.
Gardner, Prof. P., on Bactrian coins, 6, 37.
Gargaon, an Ahom mint, 301.
Garuda, ty., 109, 110, 116, 321.
Gauda, co., = Karna-suvaraa, 98.
Gaurinatha slmha, k. of Assam, 295, 296,
305.
GautamI, mother of Andhra kings 208, 209,
212.
Ghatotkacha, a Gupta k,, 95.
(?) Ghosha, k. of Mathura, 190, 194.
Girlndra, Nepalese title, 286, 287.
Girvan ynddha vikrama, Nepalese k., 282,
290.
Goa, ci.. coins of k. of, 311, 314.
Gojara, Malava k., 176.
Gomitra, k. of Mathura, 190, 194 ; an earlier
k., 199, 205.
Gondophares, Indo-Parthian k., 36-8, 54.
Gopalavarman, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Gor, epithet of Varaliran V, 217, 226.
Gorakhanatha, d., 289, 290.
Gorakhpur and Champaran, dy. of, 282.
Gorkhali (Giirkha), dy., 280, 281, 289.
Ootamiputa, see Vilivayakura II and Yajna
Sri.
Govinda, d., = Krishna, 293.
340
GENERAL INDEX
Govindachandra, k. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
Greek, k.. 3-33.
Guhe6vari, rf., 290.
Ouilandiiia bonrfuceUa, Molucca bean, 310.
Gnnanka, h. of Nepal. 280, 281.
Gupta, dy., 95, 99 ; era, 95 ; k., 95.
Hagamasha, satrap, 190, 195.
Hag-ana, satrap, 190, 195.
Haidar 'All, 1i. of Mysore, 328, 326.
Haihaya, or Kulachuri clan and dy., 250-2,
254, 2o5.
Hallakshaua, k., — Sallakshanavarman, qv.
Hamirah, Sri, rogal title, 258, 263.
Hanuman, d.. tij.. 251.
Hari chandra deva, 7i'. of Kangra, 277.
Harihara II, A-. of Vijayanagar, 322, 323.
Harsha, Ic. of Kashmir, 272.
Harsha vardhana, k. of N. India, 280.
Hastin, Rana, 118.
Heliokles, A', of Bactria, 4, 5, 13.
Helios, fZ., ty,^ 71.
Hellenistic coins, 3.
Heralos, k., 65, 94.
Herakles, rf., ty., 8, 9, 14, 21, 22, 28, 31, 33,
39, 41, 49.
Hermaios, k. of Kabul, 4, 5, 31, 65.
Hermes, d., ty., 46, 47.
Hindu dy. of Ohind, 243.
Hippostratos, k., 5, 30.
Hiranya, h. of Kashmir, 265.
Hormazd, Sassanian k., imitations of
coins of, 92.
Hormazd I, II, III, IV, V, Sassanian k.,
217, 218, 221, 223.
Hun, or pagoda coin, 310.
Huns, White, or Ephthalites, 97, 233, 235.
Huvishka, Kushan k., 63, 65, 75.
Hyrkodes, k., 65, 93.
Indian Museum, Pref. and Gen. Introd.
Ikkerl pagoda, 324.
Indo-French coins, 311, 319.
Indo-Greek coins, 3.
Indo-Parthian dy., 35.
Indo-Portuyuese coins, 311, 318.
Indo-Sassanian coins, 64, 232-42.
Indra, d., 296, 307.
Indra malla, k. of Nepal, 287.
Indra mitra, k. of N. P.inchala, 184, 187.
Indravarma, father of Aspavarma, 52.
Ingots used as coins, 133, 136.
Irano-Scythic characters, 234, 242.
Jabalpur District, = W. Chedi, 250-2.
JagadekamaUa, W. Chalukya k., 311, 313..
Jaga-deva, k. of Kashmir, 273.
Jag-ajjaya malla, Nepalese k., 286,
280 n.
Jahang-ir, k., Nepalese imitations of coins
of, 281, 285.
Jaintia Parg'anas, ro.. 296.
Jajalla-deva, I and II. k. of E. Chedi, 251,
254.
Jajjapura, c/., coin of, 331, 333.
Jalandhara, ci., co., 274.
Jamaka, Malava k,, 177.
Jamapaya, Malava k., 111.
Jamasp, Sassanian fe., 217 ».
Janapada legend, 164.
' Javelin ' ty. of Gupta coins, see ' Spear-
man' ty., 102.
Jayachchandra, k. of Kanauj, 257.
JayagTipta, k., 121.
Jayakeiin III, Kadamba k., 314.
Jayamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185.
Jayantapura, ci., co., 296, 307.
Jayapida, /;. of Kashmir, 266, 269.
Jayasimha II, Chalukya k., 313.
Jayasimha deva, k. of Kashmir, 273.
Jayavarnian, Chandelia k., 250.
Jejakabhukti, co., = Bundelkhand, 253.
Jetha mitra, k. of Kosam, 146.
Jihunia, = Zeioni.'ses, satrap, q. v., 31, 58.
Jishnugupta, k. of Nepal, 281.
Jivadaman, W. Satrap, son of Damajada,
123.
Jovian cycle, 314.
Jwalamukhi, coins found at, 161.
Jyeslitliadatta-(deva), A., 199, 205.
Kabul, ci., various k. of, 17, 22, 29, 31, 33,
63, 68 ; so-called Hindu k. of, 243 ;
Indo-Sassanian coins of, 227 n.
Kacha (Kaclia\ k. of Gupta dy., 96, 100.
Kadamba dy. of Goa, 311, 312, 314.
Kadphises, Kushan k., I, 4, 33, 63, 65 ; II,
36, 59, 63, 64, 68.
Kalachuri or Haihaya clan and dy., 250-2,
254, 255.
Kalanju seed used as weight, 310.
Kala^a, k. of Kashmir, 246, 267, 272.
Kalhana, Rajaiaranginl of, 265, 273 ».
Kaling-a, co., anonymous coins of, 64 ;
Ganga dy. of, 311, 312, 314.
Kalinganagrara, ci., 311.
Kallar, k. of Ohind, 244, 245.
Kalliope, Indo-Greek qu., 5, 31.
Kalyani, ci., 311, 313.
Kamadatta, k. of Mathura, 190.
Kamadebi ty., 283.
Kamale^vara simha, Assamese A'., 307.
GENERAL INDEX
341
Kamara, ^, of Ohind, 243, 244.
Kamarupa, co., = Assam, 294.
Kamthlrava, Raja of Mysore, 323, 325.
Kanauj, cL, capital of Bhojadeva, 233, 241 ;
Gaharwar or Rathor dy. of, 257, 260.
Kaneshko, Kushan k. distinct from Kan-
ishka, 64, 87.
Kanishka, Kushan k., 36, 37, 63, 64, 65,
69, 127.
Kangr^a, ci., co., coins of, 274-9.
Kantipnr, ct., =Kathmar!dQ, q. v., 280.
Eapa, V. I. for Rupa (chandra deva), A., q.v.,
275.
Karma chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.
Earua suvarna, co., =Gatida, 98.
Kdrshapa7ia, copper coin, 134.
Karttikeya, d., 76, 181 w.
Kashmir, co,, Hindu coinage of, 265-73.
Kdsii., or ' cash', a copper coin, 311, 316.
Kathmandn, ci., dy. and coins of, 280, 284.
Kauiambi, ci., of the Jains, = KGsam, q.v.,
146.
Kavira, (?) h, 199, 205.
Kerman Shah, title of Varahran IV, q. v.,
217, 225.
Khamarayaka, v. I. for Khuduvayaka, k.,
q.v., 244.
Kharoshthi script, 7, 68 m., 161.
Khinkhila (Khing'ila), k., 265, 267.
Khuduvayaka, h. of Ohind, 243, 249.
Khurasan, Sassanian mint, 230.
Khusru I, II, III, Sassanian k., 217-19,
228.
Kidara coins, 64, 89-91, 268, 269.
Killi (? Kirti), k., 258, 263.
* King' and queen ' ty., 99, 117, 127.
Kinnaram, Assamese k., 307.
Kirtivarman, Chandella k., 250, 253.
Kobad I, II, Sassanian k., 217, 218, 227.
Kolhapur, ci., Andhra coins from, 208, 210.
Kosala, co., kings of, 184, 186.
Kosam, ci., coins of, 145, 146, 155, 206.
Kota legend, 258, 264.
KramddUya, title of Gupta k., 98, 117, 122.
Krishna deva 3Saya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322,
323.
Krishna Baja, k. of Mysore, 326.
Kritanta, f/., = Yama, god of death, 96, 104.
Kritavirya, Little Yueh-chi k., 89.
Kshatrapas, see Satraps.
A'ji^atnya, -^Rajanya, q.v., 164.
Kshemagupta, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Kshudraka tribe, = Oxydrakai, 160.
Kuhja-Vishnuvardhana, E. Chalukya k.,
311, 312.
Kufic script, 217 n., 219.
Kujulakara, Kushan /r., = Kadphises I, q.v.^
4, 33.
Kula, CO., the Kuninda territory, 161.
Kumara, Yaudheya k., 182.
Kumara devi, qu., lOO.
Kumaragupta, k., of Gupta dy., I, 97, 111 ;
II, 98, 120.
Kumarapala-deva, k., of Tomara dy., 256,
259.
Kumari, d., 287.
Kumaridevi, d., 113.
Kumuda-sena, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 150.
Knnet tribe, = Kuninda, 161.
Kunhama, (?) k., 198, 200.
Kuninda tribe and coins, 161, 167-70.
Kushan, dy. and coins, 63-91, 93, 94, 97,
218.
Kushano-Sassanian coins, 64, 91, 235 n.
Kutamdna legend, 258, 263.
Kuyulakapha, = Kadphises I, q, v.
Iiad (Kad), Sassanian mint, 227, 229.
Lakshmi, d., 103, 105, &c.
Iiakshmi nara simha, Nepalese k., 281,
284.
Iiakshmi simha, Assamese k., 304.
Lalitaditya, k. of Kashmir, 266.
ialitapur, ei., = Patan, q. v., 280.
Lalliya, k. of Ohind, 244, 245.
Laodike, Bactrian qu., 5.
lead coins, 199, 204, 208-13.
Iiendan, (/., AhOm equivalent of Indra, 296.
I.6vi, M. Sylvain, Le Nepal, 282.
Iiichchhavi clan, 95, 99, 100.
Iiilavati, qu. of Ceylon, 328, 329.
Ling dy at pagoda, 318.
Iiocal coins of N. India, 143, 148.
Lohara, dy. of Kashmir, I, 271 ; II, 272.
Iiokanatha, Nepalese d., 288.
IiOkaprakaSa, Nepalese prince, 288 n.
IiongTP^i^ler, U., on Sassanian coins, 217,
219.
Lowsley, Mr., on coins of Ceylon, 328.
Itucknow, coins in Provincial Museum at,
185.
Lydia, early coinage of, 133, 310.
« Lyrist ' ty., 96, 101.
Iiysias, Indo-Greek k., 5, 14, 135.
' Slacedonian soldier' ty., 66.
Madana-pala, k. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
Madana simha deva, k. of Champaran, 282,
293.
SXadana-varman, Chandella k., 250, 253.
Madhari-puta, see Sivalakura,
madras Museum, coin catalogues of, 311.
342
GENERAL INDEX
Magachha, Malava I:, 177.
Magaja, Malava k., 176.
Magaja6a, Malava h., 175.
Mag-ojava, Malava I:, 176.
Maha-Kosala,=E. Chedi, 251, 254.
Mahi'iLs/iatra)>ai^ of Suriishtia, 9!), 123.
Maharaya, Malava k.. 163, 177.
Malia Samada Raja, k. of Arakan, 831, 332.
Mahasena, d., = Karttikeya, 76.
Maheudra, title of Kumaragupta I, 111.
Slaliicliandra, k. of Kanauj, 257.
Mahimitra, Audumbara Ji., 166
Mahindra sijuha, Ncpalese Ic , 286.
Mahipala, J:, of Ajmlr and Delhi, 256, 260.
Mahipatindra malla, Nepalese k., 286,
289 «.
Mahmud, k. of Ghaznl, 245.
Mahoba, ci., capital of Chandella di/., 250.
Mahodaya, c/., = Kanauj, q.v., 241.
(?) Majupa, Malava A., 175.
Malava or Vikrama era, 63 ; symbol, 145 ;
tribe and coins, 160, 161, 170.
Malavikagnimitra drama, 184.
Malaya-varmaxi, k. of Narwar, 257, 262.
Malla, d7j. of Nepal, 281, 284.
Mallei tribe, 160.
Managnla, satrap, 59.
Mananka (? = Manadeva), Nepalese it., 280,
283.
Manao-bago, the moon d., 76.
Manipnr co., coins of, 297, 309.
Manjddi seed used as VFeight, 310.
Mao, the moon d., 70, &c.
Mapaka, Malava ^•., 176,
Mapaya, Malava h., 175.
Mapojaya, Malava k., 175.
Mar (Merv), ci., Sassanian mint, 227, 229,
230.
Maraja, Malava k., 111.
Maria Z, Donna, qu, of Portugal, 118.
Markoff, M. A. de, catalogued Sassanian
coins, 231 n.
MaSapa, Malava k., 176.
Mansa coin of Ceylon, 328.
Mathari (Madhari), Andhra qu., 208, 209.
Mathura, ci., dy. and coins of, 61 n., 190,
192.
Manes, Indo-Parthian k., 35, 36, 38.
Mauludl era, 326.
(?) Maya, Malava k., 163, 174.
Meg'ba cbandra deva, k. of Kangra, 277.
Menander, Indo-Greek k., 4, 5, 6, 22, 135.
Merv, Sassanian mint, 227, 229, 230.
Metric system of N. India, 134 ; of S. India,
310.
Miaios, k., v. I. for Hcraios, q. v., 94.
Mihira, title of Bhojadeva, q. v., 241.
Mihiragiila, Wliite Hun k., 232, 236, 266.
Miiro (Mioro, Minro), solar d., 70, &c.
Milinda (Milindra), = Menander, k., q.v., 4.
Mints, AhOm, 301, 304 ; Sassanian, 219,
225-30; ofTipu, 326.
Mithradates I and II, k. of Parthia, 35, 36,
02, 191, 218.
'Mitra' coins of Ajodhya, 144; of N.
Panchala, 184, 186.
Moa, = Maues, q. v.
Molucca bean, or kajanju, 310.
Monogrrams and marks, 7, PI. vii, x, xviii.
Mughal coinage imitated in Nepal, 281.
Muhammad bin Sam, k., 256.
Muhammad the Mahdi, of Bukhara, 230.
Multan, ci., Vahi-tigin probably k. of, 232.
Museums, A. S. B. and I. M., Pref. and
Gen. Introd. ; Lucknow, 185 ; Madras,
311.
Muttra, ci., see Mathura.
Mysore, co., coins of, 322, 323, 325.
Nab (? Ni), Sassanian mint, 227.
Naga, dy. and coins, 162, 164, 178.
Nag°ar, ci., Malava coins from, 161.
Nah (Mih). Sassanian mint, 228.
Wahavend, battle of, 218.
Nameless King", = Soter Megas, q. v.
Nanaia (Nana shao), Persian d., 70, &c.
Nandigupta, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Nandipuda symbol, 148, 150, 315.
Napki, A-., 232, 235, 242.
Wara Baladitya, Gupta 7;:., 98, 119.
Narbada river, 96.
Narendra Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.
Narendraditya, k. of Kaslimir, 265.
Narendragnpta, fc., = Sasanka, 5,1-., 98,
121.
Narses (Narsahi), Sassanian k., 217, 223.
Narwar, ci., coins of, 164, 257, 272.
Naushirwan, epithet of Khusru I, q. v., 217,
228.
Nepal, CO., position of, 280 ; dy. and coins
of, 281-93; era of, 281,
Newar era, = Nepali, 281.
Nickel, in coins, 9 n.
Nike, d., ly., 13, 17, 22, 26, 29, 33, 39, 43,
56, 57, 58, 62.
Nikias, Indo-Greck k., 5, 6.
Ni6i5anka malla, k. of Ceylon, 327,
Nivasa malla, Nepalese k., 287, 288/1.
Northern India, mediaeval dy. of, 256.
Nripendra, Nepalese k., 285.
Numerals on coins of Ohind, 245.
Nushirwan, = Naushirwan, q. v.
_lK^_
GENERAL INDEX
343
Oado, d., the wind-god, 74.
Oanao (Oaninda), d., 78.
Obeidallah bin Ziad, Arab governor, 229.
Octagonal Assamese coins, 295 ; of Ceylon,
330.
Odumbara, = Audumbara, q.v., 160, 166.
Oesho (Oesha", d., 70, &c.
Ohind, ci., Hindu kings and coins of, 243-9,
274.
Omiah bin Abdallah, Arab governor, 230.
Omphis, k. of Taxila, 13.5.
Onia (Onio), (7., 78.
Onones, = Vonones, q.v., 35.
Ooemo, = Kadphise3 II, q.v., 36, 63, 68.
Orlagno, (/., 71.
Ormazd, d., 220, 223.
Orodes I, k. of Parthia, 64 n.
Ortbagrnes, Indo-Parthian h., 36, 37, 57.
Owl ty.. 17, 26.
Oz-liead ty., 27.
Oxydrakai, or Kshudraka, tribe, 160.
Pachba, Malava k., 176.
Padama, I: of Ohind, 243, 244.
Padma tanka, a gold coin, 311, 317.
Padmavati, ci., Narwar, the Naga capital,
164.
Pag^oda, a gold coin, 310.
Pahlavi language and script, 217, 219.
Pakores (Pakura), Indo Parthian k., 36,
37, 58.
Pallas, d., ty., 9, 18, 21-6, 28, 41, 44, 48, 49,
2-4.
Fana, a weight or a coin, 134.
Panobala, N,, co., coins of, 184, 186.
Panjab, various h. of, 4, 14-16, 21, 30, 31.
Pantaleon, Indo-Greek k., 3, 5, 10, 147.
Parakrama Babu, k. of Ceylon, 327, 329.
Paramardin, Chandella k., 250, 253, 257.
Partba, k. of Kashmir, 270.
Partbia, relations with India of, 35-8,
191.
Parviz, epithet of Khusru II, q. v., 218,
228.
Pasaka, Later Kushan k., 89.
Pa^upati, (?) d. or k., 281, 283.
Pataliputra, ci., the Gupta capital, 95.
Patan, ci. in Nepal, 280, 284, 287.
Pavata (Parvata), k. of Kosam, 146, 155.
Paya, Malava &., 163, 177.
Peacock ty., 97, 113, 115, 116, 118.
Perma, Chalukya k., 313.
Persia, Sassanian coins of, 217-31.
Persian legends on Assamese and Nepalese
coins, 281, 285, 296, 301, 304.
Peukelaos, Indo-Greek k., 5, 6.
Peyasa, Later Kushan k., 127.
Pbalgr«ni-mitra, /;. of N. Pauchala, 185,
188.
Pbarro, d., 71, 79.
Pbiloxenos, Indo-Greek k., 6, 30, 135.
Pholid dam, a Nepalese copper coin, 293.
Pbuleivari, AhOm qu., 300, 30).
Pipala, k. of Macharl, 258, 263.
Pirtbiraj, = Prithvl Raji Chaulian, q. v.
Pitbania cbandra deva, k. of Kangrii, 274,
275.
(?) Pitbi, k, 258, 263.
Plato, Biclrian k., 6.
(?) Polyzenos, k., 6,
Pondicherry, ci., the French capital in
India, 319.
Portonovo, ci., mint, 320.
Portuguese coins, 311-18.
Poseidon, d., ty., 11, 43.
Potin, a mixed metal, 208, 210-1.3.
Prabbasa, title of Bhojadeva, q.v., 241.
Praka^aditya, a Gupta k., 98, 119.
Prakaia malla, Nepalese k., 287.
Pramatba simba, Assamese k., 295, 298,
302.
PramatbeSvari, Assamese ju., 296, 300 ».,
301.
Pratapa, title of k. of Vijayanagar, 323-5.
Pratapa (Pratapaditya), k. of Kashmir,
265, 268.
Pratapa malla, Nepalese k., 285.
Pratapa simba, Nepalese k., 290 ; Assamese
Ahom k., 299.
Prayaga, ci., = Allahabad, 9.5.
Pritbvideva I, II, k. of E. Chedi, 251, 254.
Pritbvi narayana, Nepalese k., 281, 289.
Pritbvi Baja, Chauhan k., 257, 261.
Pritbvi simba deva, k. of Champaran, 282.
Pritbvi vira vikrama, Nepalese k., 293.
Priti, (?) k. of Arakan, 331, 332.
Provenance of coins, 143.
Pudukota, CO., coin of, 321.
Puliimavi, Andhra k., 209, 210.
Pnncb-marked coins, silver and copper, 131,
136; gold, 311.
Pura^pta, k. of Gupta dy., 98, 119.
Pwrdnn, =piuich-marked coin, 134, 1.39.
Purandara, d., =Indra, 296, 307.
Pnran-dukbt, Sassanian qu., 218.
Puri, cL, rude coins from, 64.
Purusbadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 192.
Queen, Didda of Kashmir, 271 ; Lilavatl of
Ceylon, 328, 329.
Queens, Assamese, 296, 300-2 ; Bactrian and
Indo Greek, 5.
344
GENERAL INDEX
Bad (Lad), Sassanian mint, 227, 229.
Bag-hava deva, K: of Nepal, 281.
BajaSya, ro. and coins, 164, 179.
Bajaraja, Chela /.-., 327.
Bajendra vikrama, Nepalese i., 291.
Rajei^vara simha, Assamese *-.. 29G, 303.
'Ktijpntdi/., 25G.
Bal, Sassanian mint, 229.
Bam, guardian of FirOz k., 227 n.
Bama Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 278.
Bamadatta, k. of Ajodhya, 190, 193.
Bama Bgja, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 325.
Bama simha, k. of Jayantapura, 308.
Bama simha manikya, k. of Tippenih, 297,
308.
Bama varma, k. of Travancore, 316.
Bamnagar, ci., = Ahichhatra, q.v., 97, 184.
Eana Bahadur, Nepalese k., 290.
Banajita malla, Nepalese k., 282, 284.
Bangrpur, ci., A horn mint, 304, 306.
BanjubTila (Bajuvnla), satrap, 56 n., 190,
191, 196.
Bapson, Indian Coins, 6, 37, &c.
Bathor, dy. of Kanauj, 257, 260.
£ati seed used as weight, 134, 310,
Batnadeva, k. of E. Chedi, 251, 255.
Batuapura (Batanpur), d., capital of E.
Chedi, 251.
Batnaraja X, ZX, XZX, k. of E. Chedi, 251,
255.
Bawliuson, Canon, historian of Persia, 219.
Bhinoceros <i^., 132, 139, 145, 154.
Bivett-Carnac, cabinet of coins, 100 n.
Bohilkhand, co.,=N. Panchala, 184.
* Boman head ' iy., 185.
Budradaman, W. Satrap, 123, 165.
Budrasena, W. Satrap, son of Rudradaman,
125 ; son of Rudrasimha, 124 ; son of
Vlradanian, 124.
Budra simha, Assamese Ahom k., 294, 299 ;
W. Satrap, son of Jivadaman, 126 ;
W, Satrap, son of Rudradaman, 123 ;
W. Satrap, son of Satyasiihha, 97.
Bupa Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 276, 276.
liiipdk: it i legend, 104.
Sahhajita malla, Nepalese k., 284.
Sada^iva Baya, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 324.
Safdar 'Ali Khan, Nawab, 326.
Sahasa malla, k. of Ceylon, 330.
Sahi dy., 244, 245,
6aka (Saka) era, 245, 281, 296.
Sakala, ci., cajiital of Mihirakula, 232.
Sakanibhari(Saml}har), ci., dy. of, 257, 261.
Saktisimha, k. of Champaraii, 282.
Saktivarman, E. Chalukya A-., 311, 313.
Salim bin Ziad, Arab governor, 230.
Sallakshana-pala deva, Tomara 7c., 256, 259.
Sallakshanavarman, Chandolla k., 250.
Sallet, von, on successors of Alexander, 6, 37.
Salt Bange, co., 3, 7.
Samanta deva, title of 7i;. of Ohind, 243, 247 ;
of Pipala, 2o8, 263 ; of Somesvara and
Prithvi Raja, 261 ; of k. of Kangra, 274,
275.
Samudragnpta, k. of Gupta dy., 95, 101, 160,
164, 165, 280.
Sana, Later Kushan k., 89.
Sangframa, k. of Kashmir, 271.
Sankaravarman, k. of Kashmir, 244, 265,
267, 269.
Sanskrit legends on Assamese coins, 296.
Sapadbizes (Sapaleizes), k., 65, 94.
Sapor, = Shapur, k., q. v.
SaptakotiSvara, d,, a name of Siva, 314.
Survardjochchhettd, Gupta epithet, 96, 100.
SarvvayaSa, Little Yueh-chi k., 90.
Sarve^vari, Assamese qtc, 300 n., 302.
Sasanka, k. of Gauda, 98, 121,
Sasana legend, 38.
Sassanian dy. of Persia, 217.
Satakarni, Andhra title, 210.
Satrap, a Persian title, 191.
Satraps, of Mathura and Taxila, 190, 191,
195 ; Western, 97, 99, 123.
Satya-mitra, k. of Ajodhya, 150.
Sayatha, Later Kushan k., 89.
Seistan, co., see Sistan.
Seleukidan era, 6 7i.
Seleukos Nikator, k. of Syria, 7 n.
Seringapatam, ci., 326.
Seshadatta, k. of Mathura, 190.
Shahdherl, site of Taxila, 147.
Shahi (Shahiya) dy., 244.
Shahi-tigin, k., see Vahi-tigln.
Shahryar, Sassanian k., 218,
Shan (Shanx) nation, 294.
Shaoreoro (Shahrewar), d., 79,
Shapur X, IX, XII, Sassanian k., 217, 218,
221, 224, 225.
Shi, Sassanian mint, 228.
Shield ty., 9.
Shihab-ud-din, h., 256, 257.
' Ship ' ty. , 209.
Sialkot, ci., = Sakala, 232.
Siddhi nara simha, Nepalese k., 281, 287.
Sikim, CO., coins of, 297, 309.
Silahara dy., 233.
Sind, CO., 36, 37.
Singara Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 277.
Sistan, co., Indo-Parthian k. of, 35-7, 57,
GENERAL INDEX
345
58 ; Vasu coins from, 64, 87 ; Kushano-
Sassanian coins of, 64, 91.
Siiuchandradatta, L of Mathura, 190.
Sita (SIta), Later Kushan k., 89.
6iva, (?) k. of Arakan, 331, 332.
' Siva and bull ' tif., 84, 87, 88, 91 ; and
ParvatI ty., 320.
Sivadatta, k. of Ajodhya, 144, 149; k. of
Mathura, 190.
Sivalakura, Andlira A-., 208, 209.
Siva simh.a (Sib Singfli), Assamese Ahom
h., 300-2.
Siyadoni inscription, 251 n.
Skandagnpta, k. of Gupta ily., 97, 117, 127.
Sodasa, satrap of Mathura, 190, 191, 196.
' Solomon's seal ' device, 316.
Some^vara, Chauhiin h., 257, 261.
Sona-deva, k., 258, 268.
Sonpatli, Yaudheya coins from, 165.
Sophytes, h. of Salt Range, 3, 6, 7.
Soter Megfas, Indo-Parthian /i., 59.
Southern India, coinage of, 310.
Spalagfadama, Indo-Parthian viceroy, 35,
41.
Spalahora (Spalyris), Indo-Parthian h., 35,
41.
Spalapati-deva, h. of Ohind, 243, 244, 246.
Spalirislia (Spalirises), Indo-Parthian k.,
35, 42.
' Spearman' ty., 102.
Sruta legend, 258, 264.
' Stag' ty., 167.
' Standard' fy., 100.
' Star ' pagoda coin, 310.
Stein, Dr., on Shahiya dy., 246.
btrategos, = satrap, 53 n.
Strato I and XI, Indo-Greek Tc., 6, 21, 28 n.
Stupa or chaitya, on punch-marked coins,
131, 132, 137-41.
Sugandha Rani, qu. of Kashmir, 270.
Suklenmnn, Assamese Ahom k., 296, 298.
Sunenpha, ditto, 295, 298, 302.
Sunet, ci,, votive tablets from, 165.
Snnga dy., 145, 184.
Supatpha, Assamese AhOm h, 295, 298.
Suraslitra, or Kathiawar, 22, 97, 99.
Surendra vikrama, Nepalese k., 291.
Snrga (Svarga) narayana, Assamese h.,
299.
Snryamitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185, 188 ;
k. of Mathura, 190, 195,
Su^enpha, Assamese Ahom h, 299.
Sussala, k. of Kashmir, 272.
Swami pagodas, 319, 320.
Srastika symbol, 132, &c.
Syalapati, v. I. for Spalapati, h,, q. v.
SMITH A
Tai or Shan languages, 295.
Talatrimatri, </., 287.
' Taurine ' symbol, 132, &c.
Taxila, ci., Indo-Parthian k. of, 35, 38, 43,
50; various coins of, 133, 135, MO,
143, 147, 156, 157, 159, 202, 204.
Taxilan symbol, 157 n.
Telephos, Indo-Greek h., 6.
Tewar, ci., see Tripuri.
Thakuri dy. of Nepal, 283.
Theophilos, Indo-Greek k., 31.
Thomas, E., on Sassanian coins, 217.
Thomas, St., cross of, 318.
Tihet and Nepal, 280, 281 ; coins of, 333.
Tinnevelly, co., coins of, 310.
Tipperah, co., coins of, 297, 308.
Tlpu (Tippoo), Sultan, of Mysore, 323, 320.
Tomara <ly. of Ajmir and Delhi, 256, 259.
Toramana, White Hun h., 232, 235 ; h. of
Kashmir, 2C5-7.
Trailokya-varma-deva, Chandella k., 250,
253.
Travancore, co., coins of, 311, 315.
Tribal coins, 160.
Tribhuvanagupta, h. of Kashmir, 271.
'Trident' ty., 9, 127.
Trigarta, co., =Kangra, 274.
Trilochana-pala, k. of Ohind, 244.
Triloka Chandra deva, k. of Kangra, 274, 279.
'Tripod' ty., 20, 21, 27, 28, 29.
Tripura, co., = Tipperah, q.v.
Tripuri, ci., capital of W. Chedi, 250.
Triskeles (Triskelis) symbol, 132.
Tu-fan, co.,=Tibet, 280.
Tufnell, Hints to Coin Collectors in 8. India,
311.
Tuttii, a copper coin, 317.
Udabhandapura, ci., = Ohind, q. v., 244.
Udaipnr, Chhota, co., 297, 309.
Ujjain, ci. of Avanti co., q. v., 145 ; symbol,
145, 152 71., 209.
Ulngh Khan, - Balban, k. of Delhi, 258.
'Umbrella' ty., 109, 116.
TJnd, ci., = Ohind, q. v.
Undopherres, = Gondophares, k., q.v., 54.
Utpala dy. of Kashmir, 269.
Uttamadatta, k. of Mathura, 190, 193.
Vada, misreading for Chandra, Andhra 7.-.,
q.v., 209.
Vagharsh, Sassanian k., 217.
Vah, Sassanian mint, 226.
Vahi-tigin, k., 232, 234.
Taisali, ci., Lichchhavis of, 95.
Vai^ravana, d., or (?) 7;., 281.
a
346
GENERAL INDEX
Vakka-deva, 7i. of Ohind, 243, 248.
ValabM, ci. and co., coins of, 127.
Tdifiha coin, = pagoda, 310.
Varahran, Sassanian A., I, II, III, IV, 217,
222 ; V, 217, 226 ; VI (Chobin), 228, 230,
231.
VasitM-puta, soo Pulumavi.
Vasu, (?) = Vasudeva, q. v., 64, 87.
Vasudeva, Kushan k., 63, 64, 87.
Vdtdscdka legend, 147, 157.
Veng-i, ci., 811, 312,
Venka, Ic, v. I. for Vakka, q. v., 243 n.
Venkate^vara, k. of Vijayanagar, 322, 325.
Vigrraha, ^■.(Visrariisadeva), 266, 269.
Vigraliapala, k. of Magadha, I, II, III, 233,
239.
Vijaya Baliu, Jc. of Ceylon, 327, 329.
Vijayachandra, h. of Kanauj, 257.
Vijaya-mitra, Jc. of Ajodhya, 151.
Vijayanagar, ci., co., coins of, 321-5.
Vijayasena, W. Satrap, 124.
Vikrama or Malava era, 63.
Vikramaditya, title of Gupta Jc., 97, 104,
109 ; title of Gangeya-deva, 250.
Vilivayakura II, AndhraA:., 208, 210.
Vinayaditya, I: of Kashmir, 266, 269.
Viradaman, W. Satrap, 125.
(?) Vira Kramaditya, k., 122.
Vira Maheudra, k. of Kathmandu, Nepal,
286.
Vira nara simlia malla, Nepalese prince,
288.
Virasena, h. of Gangetic Doab, 191, 197.
Viravarman, Chandella 7c., 250, 254,
Visakha-deva, /.-. of Ajodhya, 144, 148.
Vishamasiddhi, E. Chalukya k., 311, 312.
Vislinu chitta-deva, Kadamba k,, 314.
VishnugTipta, 7.-., 121.
Vishnu malla, Nepalese k., 289.
Visbnu-mitra, k. of N. Panchala, 185 ; of
Mathura, 190, 191.
Vishnu vardhana, or Yasodharman, 7;.,
266.
Vi^ramsadeva, v. I. for Vigraha, q. v.
Vi^va, Little Yueh-chi 7.., 90.
Vi^vasena, W. Satrap, 126.
Vi^vasimha, W. Satrap, 125.
Vououes, Indo-Parthian 7c., 35, 40, 42.
Wah, Sassanian mint, 226, 227.
Waihind, ci., = Ohind, q. v.
'Warrior' iy., 182.
Western Satraps, 97, 99, 123.
White Huns, coins of, 232, 233, 235.
Wima, k., ^ Kadphises II, g. v., 63.
Wright, Ilidory of Nepal, 282.
Yajna Sii, Andhra k., 209, 212, 213,
Ya'kub Lais, Muhammadan general, 245.
Yama, Malava 7c., 163, 174, 176.
Yandaboo, treaty of, 331.
Yarikriya, (?) 7c. of Arakan, 331, 332.
Ya^odaman, W. Satrap, 126.
Ya^ovarman, k., 91 n., 265, 268.
Ya^ovigraha, 7c. of Kanauj, 257.
Yaudheya tribe and coins, 165, 180, 281.
Yezdeglrd, Sassanian 7c., I, 217, 225; II,
217, 226 ; III, 218.
Yodheya, see Yaudheya.
Yogamati, Nepalese qw., 288.
Yoga narendra malla, Nepalese 7c., 288.
Yoga prakasa malla, Nepalese k., 289.
Yueh-chi, Little, horde, 64.
Zeidnises, satrap, 37, 38, 58.
Zeus, d., ty., 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 31,32, 39, 40,
42, 43, 50, 54, 57, 61.
Zoilos, Indo-Greek k., 6, 28 n., 30.
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